tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-35255236464874461062024-03-13T11:59:20.475-07:00Successful college essaysHistory Paper Argu Argumentative Essay Topicsgregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.comBlogger37125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-58487128456382868972020-08-24T04:41:00.001-07:002020-08-24T04:41:03.006-07:00ITALIAN IMMAGRANTS essaysITALIAN IMMAGRANTS articles In the1920s the United States of America invited a large number of settlers consistently. They went to the United States searching for circumstance and a superior life. From 1920 to1930, 4,652,115 individuals moved to the United States. 5550,460 of these were Italian. Italians like different settlers confronted numerous hardships when they showed up in the U.S. Most hardships were brought about by prejudices and naturism. Americans were not used to the migrants and thought less of them. Italians were likewise accused for a large number of the countries issues. The administration struck a considerable lot of the settlers homes in light of the fact that the dreaded they were socialist. The Sacco and Venzetti preliminary demonstrates the accuse the Americans put for settlers. There was no considerable proof for the situation. They were still sentenced in light of the fact that they were migrants and there were preferences against them and their convictions. From the start individuals didnt understand the craftsmanship and culture that Italian foreigners carried with them. I believe that if individuals werent terrified of the new culture coming they would of gained from them. The Immigrants carried with them things that we presently experience each day. Enrique Caruso was drama tenor who was one of the primary performers to market Italian dramas in America. The Italian Immigrants additionally carried their adoration for food with them. This leaves us today with numerous nourishments that are basic to individuals who dont acknowledge they didnt exist in this nation until the Italian foreigners brought them. Food, for example, pizza, pasta, cheeses, and cold cuts are on Americans consumes less calories in light of the workers. Neurosis struck the administration in 1941. In the months promptly following Pearl Harbor. Around 250 Italian Americans were interned. They were considered by the U.S. government to be security dangers. By June 1942, the FBI interned 1,521 Italian Americans. They were sent to interment camps in Montana, Oklahoma and Tennessee. Most were discharged shortl ... <! gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-44144714774388243682020-08-22T00:33:00.001-07:002020-08-22T00:33:13.238-07:00Appropriate language use and Pedagogic purpose in EFL classrooms Free Essaysstring(131) individual instructors that are additionally part of an EFL program shares the difficulties and the triumphs that they had looked in the classroom. Presentation Language is the main key that could open the entryways of a specific culture with regards to getting to its fortune trove of writing, history, and theory. It is difficult to find out about a people groupââ¬â¢s lifestyle, if an outcast can't get a handle on the fundamental basics of their language. It is difficult to see how a specific culture has been framed and how it is being continued without an essential capacity to utilize the language. We will compose a custom article test on Suitable language use and Pedagogic reason in EFL homerooms or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now It is the code breaker, a mediator and analytical instrument folded into one. With regards to the English language its significance goes past that of a code breaker and mediator since it is the most widely used language of the cutting edge age. The person who can communicate in the language doesn't just approach the way of life of the English talking world; the individual capable in the said language additionally have the capacity to make an enormous system that traverses everywhere throughout the globe. This is because of the way that English is spoken by a large number of a large number of individuals. The individual wanting to learn English must search out a foundation or an educator that knows the significance of utilizing suitable language dependent on instructive purposes. Before going any further it is critical to call attention to that the presence of eminent educational plan and a lot of viable encouraging strategies have no worth except if an energetic and learned instructor goes along to get and utilize these apparatuses. These are simply instruments and that's it. It is the instructor with commitment and away from of their motivation that can inject vitality and knowledge into an EFL study hall making it a successful spot for learning a second or even third language. Everything starts with the acknowledgment that the instructor has the ability to change the learning condition contingent upon the need. The instructor isn't just the military trainer yet additionally the organizer, directing the pace of the learning procedure while simultaneously expertly utilizing all the assets available to them to make a specific study hall dynamic that builds the ability of the understudies to learn and ace an unknown dialect. In spite of the fact that the instructor has aced the English language to such a degree, that he can train it to others doesn't intend to state that the educator is the focal point of the EFL study hall universe. It is significant to value the significance of joint effort. It is constantly beneficial to work with other English educators. Yet, more critically it is basic to be stayed up to date with new educating rehearses. One of the most supportive is the possibility that educators figure out how to utilize fitting language in EFL study halls. The catchphrase here is setting. Coming up next are a portion of the meanings of setting, for example, ââ¬Å"the part of a book or proclamation that encompasses a specific word or section and decides meaningâ⬠(Walsh, 2011, p.24). The subsequent definition centers around the conditions in which an occasion happens; a setting (Walsh, year, p.24). Furthermore, the third definition is states as the ââ¬Å"parts of a bit of composing, discourse, and so on., that go before and follow a word or section and add to its full meaningâ⬠(Walsh, 2011, p.24). Suitable Language Use in EFL homerooms The most significant expertise to create is the capacity to utilize fitting ââ¬Å"teacher talkâ⬠, which is the discourse that is conceivable to the understudies however not misrepresented (Richards Farrell, 2011, p.16). The affirmation that it is basic for EFL educators to utilize fitting language might be confounding from the outset. The target of learning foundation like EFL is to show the English language to a non-local speaker. Normally, the instructors would need to utilize the English language as a vehicle of guidance. Consequently, it requires explanation when researchers brought up the need to assess the language use in the study halls. Upon close assessment the importance of the expression ââ¬Å"appropriate language useâ⬠must be deciphered with regards to EFL. It is the utilization of metalanguage to show another dialect. For this situation metalanguage can likewise be images and different articulations that the educators can use with different instructors to assist them with assessing the educating style. The metalanguage can be viewed as basic language shared by instructors in EFL and this can be utilized to bind together all the procedures and methods. Issues are not out of the ordinary if educators can't discover shared belief and the ââ¬Å"lack of a concurred metalanguage makes the procedures of correlation and speculation for all intents and purposes incomprehensible, as the builds utilized have diverse meaningsâ⬠(Walsh, 2011, p.109). A metalanguage can be created utilizing an exploration instrument called the self-assessment of instructor talk or SETT (Walsh, 2006, p.133). This is a structure that can be developed by educators or chairmen to assess instructor talk or how they connect with their understudies (Housen Pierrard, 2005, p.217). A case of SETT structure is the utilization of sound chronicles of what happened inside an EFL study hall. In different cases instructors utilizes camcorders to record the exercises inside the homeroom. Beside utilizing the SETT system, educators must participate in intelligent practices with other associate or experts so as to obviously assess showing methods and procedures in an EFL domain (Walsh, 2011, p.147). Another approach to find the proper language for EFL is to painstakingly investigate criticism originating from understudies, individual instructors, and synergistic groups. The understudies are the essential wellspring of input. The instructor accomplishes something in the study hall and the individual in question promptly observes the response of the understudy. This comes as an inquiries, a befuddled appearance on their countenances, or the energy of learning as prove by their upbeat gab. Criticism likewise originates from the aftereffects of tests and different tests to decide understudy progress. Another approach to profit by input is to gain from the experience of different educators. In the personnel room or in other proper gathering individual educators that are additionally part of an EFL program shares the difficulties and the triumphs that they had looked in the study hall. You read Suitable language use and Pedagogic reason in EFL study halls in classification Article models There are likewise events when a progressively experienced EFL teacher gets the opportunity to watch another while educating and offers a criticism with respect to on regions that requires improvement. One master brought up the explanation behind accomplishing cooperative work and he composed that colleagues ââ¬Å"may wish to make a situation in which students, instructor and scientists are instructing and gaining from one another in a fair manner (a pattern which is improved by the developing enthusiasm for activity research); or they may wish to explore different avenues regarding methods of fusing standards of student centredness into their programsâ⬠(Nunan, 1992, p.162). One approach to apply the standards natural in coordinated effort is to make educating groups. On the off chance that ESL educators select to make one the most ideal approach to begin is to pick what sort of group the partners required. Coming up next are a portion of the normal sorts of groups: a) Team Leader Type; b) Associate Type; c) Master Teacher/Beginner Teacher; and d) Coordinated Team Type (Nunan, 1992, p.163). In the Team Leader Type one of the colleagues has a higher status when contrasted with the others. Hence, the group chief may have a title given to her to formalize the arrangement of the group and the person goes about as the regulator just as give the general bearing the group is going. The Associate Type there is no in the group that has exceptional status and any helpful data created by the group is the aftereffect of collaboration among rises to. The Master Teacher/Beginner Teacher resembles allocating a tutor to another educator. This is additionally a viable device since it accelerates the learning procedure particularly with regards to discovering the proper language to be utilized inside an EFL homeroom. The main downside to this kind of joint effort is that it doesn't increase the value of the veteran educator. The Coordinated Team Type doesn't concentrate on the formation of joint duty, rather it is the sharing of assets by two distinct instructors alloted to show two unique gatherings of understudies. Beside understudy criticisms and the instructing tips that one can get from individual educators, another approach to break down input is to build up a community equipped towards becoming familiar with suitable language use. Collaboration for this situation gives a superior possibility of finding blemishes in educating since it is a coordinated exertion. Proficiency in the learning procedure can be accomplished making it simpler to change instructing style to create increasingly acceptable outcomes. Proper language utilized must be top need since educators may have a bogus comprehension of the genuine signs of accomplishment. The instructor may come to accept that on the off chance that the person has finished all the exercises that must be educated in a given time allotment then that is the characteristic of progress. The genuine estimation for progress is the capacity of understudies to impart viably and oral familiarity with the English language. This must be the norm. The disappointment of fitting language use depends on the failure of instructors to assess their aptitudes and the requirements of their understudies. It is accordingly critical to have apparatuses that would educate the instructors on the regions that they have to enhance. Simultaneously they have to know the shortcoming of their understudies. Lastly they have to create suitable instructing philosophies to expand their productivity. Instructive Purposes The utilization of the SETT structure is made increasingly powerful if the educators know that there are four significant mod gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-11882023802933330392020-07-17T10:56:00.001-07:002020-07-17T10:56:02.366-07:00Rates of Illicit Drug Abuse in the U.S.Rates of Illicit Drug Abuse in the U.S. Addiction Drug Use Print Rates of Illicit Drug Abuse in the U.S. By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on September 26, 2019 Carlos Fernandez / EyeEm / Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Cocaine Heroin Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery An estimated 31.9 million people aged 12 or older in the United States (19.4%) used some kind of illicit drug in the past 30 days, according to the latest government statistics. Additionally, just over 50% have used illegal drugs or the nonmedical use of prescription drugs in their lifetime.?? The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), a yearly interview of 67,500 persons sponsored by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, provides the most accurate estimates of drug, alcohol and tobacco use in the general U.S. population. According to the 2018 NSDUH findings, illicit drug use rates have increased in the past few years, particularly due to a recent trend in increasing marijuana use and an increase in the abuse of prescription-type psychotherapeutic drugs.?? Most Popular Drugs of Abuse Each Year By number of users aged 12 and older:Illicit Drugs Combined (53.2 million)Marijuana (43.5 million)Misuse of prescription drugs (16.3 million)Cocaine (5.5 million)Hallucinogens, including Ecstasy (5.6 million)Methamphetamine (1.9 million)Heroin (808,000) Increase in Pain Reliever Abuse While the use of illicit drugs in general has increased since 2015, the past month use of prescription-type pain relievers decreased 3.6% of the population. Of the 16.3 million who reported nonmedical use of prescription drugs, 9.9 million were using painkillers. However, these numbers are far higher then they were in 2002. In 2002, only 4.1% of the population aged 18 to 25 reported abusing pain relievers, but that percentage jumped to 4.9% in 2006 and in 2018 reached . Nonmedical use of tranquilizers also increased since 2002, from 1.6 to 2% for the same age group. Marijuana Use Driving the Increase Overall, the use of illicit drugs in the U.S. has increased from 20.4 million people in 2007 to 24.6 million in 2013. This increase is mainly attributed to the increase in marijuana use from 14.5 million users in 2007 to 19.8 million in 2013. The NSDUH survey counts all marijuana use as illegal drug use because under federal law. marijuana is illegal throughout the U.S. Arguments For and Against Marijuana Legalization The use of cocaine has decreased significantly from an average of 2.4 million users in the years between 2002 and 2007 to an estimated 1.5 million users in 2015. Methamphetamine use has seen a slight increase in use after an earlier decline. In 2007, an estimated 731,000 people used meth, but by 2007 that number had dropped to 353,000. By 2013, the survey estimated the number of meth users at 595,000. First-Time Drug Users According to SAMHSA estimates, 2.8 million people used drugs for the first time in 2013, an average of 7,800 new users per day. Of those new users, 54.1% were under 18 years of age. The most popular drug of choice for those new teenage users is marijuana, followed by prescription pain killers and inhalants. Where Are People Getting Drugs? According to the NSDUH survey, those who used pain relievers nonmedically in the past 12 months got them from the following sources: 55.7% were given them for free by a relative or friend.19.1% procured them from one doctor.3.9% got them from a stranger.0.1% bought them online. Of the people who said they got pain relievers from a relative or friend for free, 80.7% said the drugs had originally been obtained from just one doctor. Illegal Drug Use and Employment The results of the survey indicated that most illegal drug users (13.4 million) are employed. However, only 8.8% of full-time employees are drug users. Other NSDUH findings indicated that: 9.4% of part-time employees are drug users.Of unemployed adults, 18.5% are illicit drug users. Underage Drinking and Drunk Driving Declines The 2013 NSDUH survey found that underage drinking has declined as has driving under the influence. Underage drinking declined from 28.8 to 22.7% since 2002. Around 10.2 million people drive under the influence of drugs, but drunk driving dropped from 14.2 to 10.9%. Other key findings from the survey: Teen smokers dropped from 13% to 5.6%Alcohol dependence dropped from 7.7% to 6.6%Smokers declined to 21.3% from 26% in 2002Heavy drinkers included 9.5% of men and 3.3% of womenBinge drinkers included 30.2% of men and 16.0% of women Alcohol and Drug-Related Crime Statistics gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-48987492764048660892020-05-21T16:40:00.001-07:002020-05-21T16:40:03.943-07:00Common Animals in the Mandarin Chinese Vocabulary gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-63728191674659138672020-05-06T23:33:00.001-07:002020-05-06T23:33:34.268-07:00The Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain... The Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an anonymous author, are both sophisticated fourteenth-century examples of medieval romance. Medieval romances captured the heart of their audiences as narratives and stories that featured a protagonist, often a knight, and dealt with religious allegories, chivalry, courtly love, and heroic epics. The concept of the knight emerged from the remnants of the Anglo-saxon literature and ideals and influence of the Christian religion and church. There is a distinct difference between the famous pagan heroic like Beowulf and the romantic medieval tales like Sir Gawain and the Green Knight of the Canterbury Tale. The Anglo-Saxon hero Beowulf exemplifiedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Sir Gawain and the Green Knight along with The Canterbury Tales features impressive knights that all boast a chivalric code. As Sir Gawain and the Green Knight unfolds, we readers are led to look beneath the attractive surfa ce of chivalry and question exactly what chivalry is through examples such as: Sir Arthur , Sir Gawain, the Green Knight, Palamon, and Arcite. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight begins with an extended idealized description of Arthurââ¬â¢s court; ââ¬Å"The most noble knights known under Christ, / And the loveliest ladies that lived on earth ever, / And he the comeliest king, that that court holds. â⬠(Marie, 51-53) The court is in the middle of its Christmas celebration, the knights and ladies are young-and well favored enjoying the pleasures of court life. However, there is a negative side to the youthful King Arthur, and his kingly whim who that desired a tale of ââ¬Å"some suppliant came seeking some single knight / to join with him in jousting, in jeopardy each / to lay life for life and leave it to fortune.â⬠(Marie, 96-99) Thereby implication the court and the romantic ideals they represent: a potentially damaging carelessness, a lack of stability, and responsibi lity. Authurââ¬â¢s court is initially regaled as: And your court and your company are counted the best, Stoutest under steel-gear on steeds to ride Worthiest of their works the whole world over, And peerless to prove in passages of arms, And courtesy here is carried to its height, (Marie,Show MoreRelatedLiterature Reflecting Religious and Political Ideals3433 Words à |à 14 PagesChristian knight and holy warrior by the time the story was written down in the 9th Century. His mission is also Christ-like in that he sacrifices his life to defend the people against Grendel and his mother the Dragon or Devil. The Green Knight is a story from the High Middle Ages (1000-1300 AD), which is commonly thought of as an age of chivalry and knights in shining armor. In popular culture, this remains the most popular and persistent image of medieval culture and society. Sir Gawain was theRead More Womens Roles in Epic of Gilgamesh, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Canterbury Tales1481 Words à |à 6 PagesChanging Womens Roles in The Epic of Gilgamesh, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Canterbury Tales Over the course of time, the roles of men and women have changed dramatically. As women have increasingly gained more social recognition, they have also earned more significant roles in society. This change is clearly reflected in many works of literature, one of the most representative of which is Plautuss 191 B.C. drama Pseudolus, in which we meet the prostitute Phoenicium. Although theRead MoreHistory of British Literature3343 Words à |à 14 PagesCulture: by 15th century England had become a nation with the sense of separate identity and indigenous culture 1362- English became the official language in court and was also used in schools. 14thc. witnessed the first original literary works written in English. Middle English literature English literature of the medieval period, c.1100 to c.1500. Background The Norman conquest of England in 1066 traditionally signifies the beginning of 200 years of the domination of French in English lettersRead MoreDiscuss the Relationship Between Appearance and Reality and the Issues This Involves in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and ââ¬Ëthe Franklinââ¬â¢s Taleââ¬â¢.2721 Words à |à 11 PagesDiscuss the relationship between appearance and reality and the issues this involves in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and ââ¬ËThe Franklinââ¬â¢s Taleââ¬â¢. Judging a Book by its Cover The appearance of a situation, person or place may sometimes be at total odds with its actual reality, and thus change previous conceptions held of a thing or person. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Chaucerââ¬â¢s The Franklinââ¬â¢s Tale, not only are there illusions throughout the taleââ¬â¢s themselves, but the reality of theRead More Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay1527 Words à |à 7 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was written in the late fourteenth century. Its author was unknown, but he or she was a contemporary of Chaucer. The poem consists of two plots: one is the challenge between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight in a beheading game, and the other is the temptation of Sir Gawain by a lady from a beautiful castle. The outcome of the challenge as well as the life of Gawain is made to depend--though Gawain does not know it--on his behaviorRead MoreGeoffrey Chaucers Style Of Literature956 Words à |à 4 Pagesliterary world in a new way. During these times, there were expectations of all people, Knights were to act with chivalry and dignity, Monks were to solely practice faith and religion, and ordinary people were to have morals. These expectations were just a few of the things that would be considered Anglo Saxon beliefs, the most popular form of literature of this time. The poems, plays, epics and pieces of literature written during the Medieval times all con tained the Anglo Saxon traits, which there are manyRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1591 Words à |à 7 Pagesà Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a late 14th-century Middle English chivalric romance. It is one of the best known Arthurian stories, and is of a type known as the beheading game. The Green Knight is interpreted by some as a representation of the Green Man of folklore and by others as an allusion to Christ. Written in stanzas of alliterative verse, each of which ends in a rhyming bob and wheel, it draws on Welsh, Irish and English stories, as well as the French chivalric tradition. It is anRead MoreReligion Throughout British Literature2205 Words à |à 9 PagesWith all the books read in class this year, there has been some type of influence on the way each story was written. From Beowulf to Paradise Lost, there have been many, mostly religious, persuasions in the style and approach to writing of the novel. These influences, whether theyre religious or cultur al or psychological, have a deep impact on the story and are reflective of a literary time period. The differences in each story show the changes in the culture, religion, or the way people thoughtRead MoreWomen As Represented In Society By Anita Kay OPry-Reynolds-Renolds938 Words à |à 4 Pagesdifferent Medieval works of literatures to help support her thesis. OPry-Reynolds uses some details from Beowulf, Lancelot, Knight of the Cart, and Sir Gawain and The Green Knight to show the different gender roles between men and women. The details OPry-Reynolds finds from the different Medieval literatures in her essay are not supported in The Prologue to The Canterbury Tales and The Wife of Bath. Anita Kay OPry-Renolds Men and Women as Represented in Medieval Literature in Society explainsRead MoreThe Changing Face of Love in English Literature1528 Words à |à 7 Pageshave studied have written about love in its many forms, from the cerebral to the visceral and they have used this compl ex emotion to propel their stories and their sonnets. As we progress forward in time we see a distinct change in the freedom writers had as they addressed this theme and a change in the way men perceived love. Chaucer explores love as a motivating theme in ââ¬Å"The Knightââ¬â¢s Taleâ⬠within his ââ¬Å"Canterbury Talesâ⬠. Arcita and Palamon are the main characters within this tale and their actions gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-47285676263552033962020-05-06T08:14:00.002-07:002020-05-06T08:15:58.344-07:00Night Creature Crescent Moon Chapter 31 Free Essays string(72) " Then that last night, I lost my temper, shouted at him, and we fought\." Adam came into the house as I sat up, careful not to disturb the sleeping child. Without a word, Adam bent and lifted Luc into his arms. Equally silent he walked out of the house. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 31 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I expected heââ¬â¢d walked out of my life forever. What was it about the Ruelles that made me feel things I never had before and never expected to again? What was it about a silent man and a chatty boy that made a foolish, lonely cryptozoologist long for a life sheââ¬â¢d never wanted? This wasnââ¬â¢t me. To ache for a child. To contemplate loving again with the same depth Iââ¬â¢d once loved before. To consider a future so far gone from the one Iââ¬â¢d planned as to be unfathomable. I had to be under a spell. The thought gave me pause. Was I behaving so oddly, thinking so strangely, longing so deeply because ofâ⬠¦ magic? The very idea should make me laugh, but after what Iââ¬â¢d seen since coming to the Crescent City, laughing was the furthest thing from my mind. There was only one person I trusted here, and conve-niently that person knew magic. I grabbed my bag and my keys and drove to town. Bourbon Street was hopping. I heard the music, saw the lights, from several blocks away. I was tempted to take a detour and soothe my problems with a zombie. But I figured the way things were going, Iââ¬â¢d actually run into a zombie. Cassandra opened the door before I even knocked. ââ¬Å"How did you know I was here?â⬠She lifted a brow. ââ¬Å"I peeked through the window.â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh.â⬠ââ¬Å"Lock the door. You need a drink.â⬠Right again. Sometimes I thought she was more than a little psychic. Within minutes I sat across from her at the kitchen table, sipping from a glass of something complete with a tiny umbrella. I took a big swig. ââ¬Å"Fruity.â⬠Probably had twelve types of alcohol. Just what I needed. I took another glug. ââ¬Å"What do you know about love potions? Maybe a charm or a spell?â⬠Cassandra took a ladylike sip and set down her glass. ââ¬Å"More than you, I suspect. Why?â⬠I wasnââ¬â¢t sure. Adam had insisted he couldnââ¬â¢t love me, didnââ¬â¢t want me to love him. What good would a love spell do? But Luc was another matter. The child wanted a mother. If I fell hopelessly in love with him, wouldnââ¬â¢t I take the job? I couldnââ¬â¢t bring myself to tell Cassandra about the boy. Adam didnââ¬â¢t want anyone to know. And while I trusted Cassandra with my life ââ¬â had on several occasions already ââ¬â it wasnââ¬â¢t right for me to trust her with Lucââ¬â¢s. He wasnââ¬â¢t mine to give. ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢re talking about Adam,â⬠she murmured. ââ¬Å"You love him?â⬠ââ¬ËI something him,â⬠I muttered. ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t like it.â⬠ââ¬Å"Just because you donââ¬â¢t want to love the man doesnââ¬â¢t mean youââ¬â¢ve been put under a spell. In truth, if you had been, youââ¬â¢d be thrilled about it Thatââ¬â¢s part of the magic.â⬠I took a huge slurp, and the end of the paper umbrella went up my nose. Sneezing, I tossed it aside. ââ¬Å"You better slow down,â⬠Cassandra said. ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢re going to be smashed.â⬠ââ¬Å"OK.â⬠Iââ¬â¢d been right about the twelve kinds of alcohol. Right now, every one of them zipped through my bloodstream, both relaxing and revving me. My cheeks felt on fire. ââ¬Å"I love my husband.â⬠ââ¬Å"Shouldnââ¬â¢t you say loved?ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t know how to stop,â⬠I whispered. ââ¬Å"He still feels alive to me.â⬠I touched my chest. ââ¬Å"Right here.â⬠ââ¬Å"Maybe thatââ¬â¢s why you saw him in your dream. In your heart heââ¬â¢s still alive. You need to let him go.â⬠ââ¬Å"No.â⬠The idea of letting Simon go, of giving up, giving in, going on, was too much for me. Maybe that was why I had come up with the notion that my feelings for Adam had been induced by voodoo. They couldnââ¬â¢t be real, because if they were, I didnââ¬â¢t love Simon anymore. And if my love for him died, then so did he. I know, I know, he already had. But when was love ever rational? I took another swig of courage before blurting what Iââ¬â¢d been wondering since Iââ¬â¢d seen Simon at the window. ââ¬Å"Could you raise him?â⬠I stared at my fingers, clutched together in my lap. Cassandra took a quick, sharp breath and held it. Afraid sheââ¬â¢d pass out if she didnââ¬â¢t breathe, afraid Iââ¬â¢d panic if she didnââ¬â¢t speak, or maybe if she did, I glanced up, then right back down again. The sorrow, the pity, in her eyes made me want to crawl under the table and stay there. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m not that powerful,â⬠she said softly. ââ¬Å"Not yet.â⬠Something in her voice made me tense ââ¬â hope and fear at war. ââ¬Å"But you might be soon?â⬠ââ¬Å"Someday, perhaps. But even if I was, I couldnââ¬â¢t raise Simon.â⬠ââ¬Å"Why not?â⬠ââ¬Å"How long has he been gone?â⬠ââ¬Å"Four years.â⬠She reached across the table and took my hand. ââ¬Å"He wouldnââ¬â¢t be the same, Diana.â⬠ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t care.â⬠ââ¬Å"You would care. Dead is dead; thereââ¬â¢s no going back.â⬠ââ¬Å"There is ââ¬â you said so yourself. There are zombies. Theyââ¬â¢re real.â⬠ââ¬Å"But they arenââ¬â¢t alive. They arenââ¬â¢t the same people. They arenââ¬â¢t even people. You want to rip Simon out of the afterlife, reanimate his disintegrating body, have him look at you with hollow, lifeless eyes? Wonder why heââ¬â¢s here? Ask who you are?â⬠ââ¬Å"Heââ¬â¢d know me.â⬠ââ¬Å"Maybe.â⬠ââ¬Å"I miss him.â⬠ââ¬Å"I know.â⬠She squeezed my hand, and I met her gaze once more. ââ¬Å"Simon didnââ¬â¢t have to die. I could have saved him.â⬠Cassandra stared at me for several seconds. ââ¬Å"So thatââ¬â¢s what this is about? Guilt?â⬠Now that Iââ¬â¢d started talking, I couldnââ¬â¢t seem to stop. ââ¬Å"I didnââ¬â¢t believe him when he said heââ¬â¢d found a werewolf. Again. I was so sick of his wild-goose chases. We went here; we went there. He saw something and every single time, when I got there, there was nothing. Everyone thought he was crazy.â⬠I took a deep breath and admitted my secret shame: ââ¬Å"I started to think so, too. Then that last night, I lost my temper, shouted at him, and we fought. You read "Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 31" in category "Essay examples" He stormed out alone. The next thing I knew, he was dead.â⬠ââ¬Å"I missed the part where your going with him could have saved him.â⬠I shot her a glare. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢d have saved him.â⬠How I wasnââ¬â¢t sure, but Iââ¬â¢d have tried. And if Iââ¬â¢d failed, Iââ¬â¢d be dead, too. Sometimes ââ¬â hell, most times until I came here ââ¬â I wished that I was. ââ¬Å"Heââ¬â¢s gone now,â⬠she said, ââ¬Å"and you need to move on. Quit sabotaging your chance at a new life by clinging to the old one.â⬠ââ¬Å"I have to find the loup-garou. Prove that Simon wasnââ¬â¢t crazy. Clear his name.â⬠ââ¬Å"All right Then maybe you can move on.â⬠I considered her words, which were an echo of my own earlier thoughts. Maybe I could. Except ââ¬â ââ¬Å"How do I know if what I feel is real?â⬠Cassandra sighed. ââ¬Å"You really believe Ruelle put a hex on you to make you love him? I thought it was all sex, all the time.â⬠ââ¬Å"Not all the time,â⬠I muttered, though she did have a point. ââ¬Å"There might be a way to discover the truth.â⬠ââ¬Å"How?ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"A ceremony.â⬠ââ¬Å"Voodoo?â⬠She lifted a brow and didnââ¬â¢t bother to answer. ââ¬Å"What do I have to dor ââ¬Å"Come to the temple. Weââ¬â¢ll ask the has if youââ¬â¢re under a love spell.â⬠ââ¬Å"That works?â⬠ââ¬Å"So far, whatever Iââ¬â¢ve asked, theyââ¬â¢ve answered.â⬠I frowned. She was starting to scare me. ââ¬Å"If they say youââ¬â¢re not being influenced by magic, will you quit fighting the feeling and tell the man you care?â⬠I wasnââ¬â¢t sure. Adam had said he couldnââ¬â¢t love me, that I shouldnââ¬â¢t ask him to. ââ¬Å"Diana?â⬠Cassandra pressed. ââ¬Å"Letââ¬â¢s just do whatever voodoo that you do, and then weââ¬â¢ll see.â⬠ââ¬Å"Promise youââ¬â¢ll give him a chance.â⬠ââ¬Å"What difference does it make to you?â⬠She put her hands on her hips. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m not going to waste a perfectly good voodoo ceremony on someone whoââ¬â¢s too stubborn to reap the benefits.â⬠ââ¬Å"OK. Fine. Letââ¬â¢s get it over with.â⬠ââ¬Å"Take a breath. Slow down. The temple is peaceful. You might enjoy your time there.â⬠Instead of heading out the back door, Cassandra returned to the shop and picked up a wooden bowl. She proceeded to add items from her shelves, then turned toward the snake cage. ââ¬Å"Whoa,â⬠I said, my voice a bit slurred from the alcohol. ââ¬Å"No snake.â⬠ââ¬Å"We need him for the ceremony.â⬠ââ¬Å"I hate snakes.â⬠ââ¬Å"Consider him Danballah.â⬠ââ¬Å"I know Iââ¬â¢m going to be sorry I asked, but whatââ¬â¢s Danballah?â⬠ââ¬Å"The Great Serpent. Father of the loos.â⬠I recalled her earlier explanation. ââ¬Å"A god.â⬠ââ¬Å"More of a spirit. In vodoun there was an original supreme being known as the Gran Met. When he finished his work and returned to the other worlds, he left the has behind to help the people.â⬠Iââ¬â¢d been raised Catholic, though I hadnââ¬â¢t practiced since Iââ¬â¢d left my parentsââ¬â¢ house. Nevertheless, all this talk about gods made me twitchy. ââ¬Å"You donââ¬â¢t really believe this, do you?â⬠Her sigh was aggrieved. ââ¬Å"You canââ¬â¢t ask me to perform a voodoo ceremony for truth, then wonder if I believe.â⬠I very nearly pointed out that I hadnââ¬â¢t asked her to do anything, but she was on a roll, so I let her go. ââ¬Å"If I donââ¬â¢t believe, then what in hell am I doing here? For that matter, what are you?â⬠ââ¬Å"All right. You believe.â⬠ââ¬Å"Gotta believe in something,â⬠Cassandra muttered, and shoved the bowl into my arms. I didnââ¬â¢t see it coming and bobbled the thing, nearly dropping it. ââ¬Å"Hey!â⬠She shot me a glare. ââ¬Å"You wanna hold the snake?â⬠ââ¬Å"Nope.â⬠I waved my hand. ââ¬Å"Carry on.â⬠She pulled Lazarus out of the cage, murmuring softly. He took one look at me and hissed. The feeling was mutual. ââ¬Å"Think of the loas like saints.â⬠Cassandra led the way from the shop, through her living area, and out the back door. ââ¬Å"Theyââ¬â¢re a kind of bridge to the supreme being.â⬠ââ¬Å"I can see why the Catholic Church was so snarky about the whole voodoo thing. A snake spirit is a far cry from a saintâ⬠ââ¬Å"Didnââ¬â¢t Saint Patrick charm the snakes out of Ireland?â⬠ââ¬Å"Watch it when you talk about Saint Patrick and Ireland,â⬠I muttered. Cassandra spared me a smile. ââ¬Å"When the slaves arrived they were baptized Catholic right off the boat, and their religion was outlawed, so they secretly combined the two and got ââ¬â ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"Vodoun.â⬠ââ¬Å"Bingo.â⬠Behind Cassandraââ¬â¢s shop lay a partially enclosed courtyard filled with plants, flowers, and a fountain. The ground was hard-packed earth ââ¬â no grass, no stones, no pavement. A door had been set in one wall; Cassandra opened it. ââ¬Å"No lock?â⬠I asked. ââ¬Å"On a temple?â⬠She flicked the light. ââ¬Å"Besides, most people are too scared to come in here with me. They certainly wouldnââ¬â¢t come without me.â⬠ââ¬Å"Terrific,â⬠I said, and followed. I stopped just inside the door. The room was so full of stuff, I didnââ¬â¢t know what to stare at first. Cassandra placed Lazarus in a cardboard box near a flat stone covered with candles and smaller, more colorful flat stones. She proceeded to light the wicks, and I continued to stare. Surrounding the stone were flowers, pebbles, tiny flags, and charms. The walls were decorated with brightly colored symbols: a cross, a heart, a snake, a box of some sort. Long, thin. ââ¬Å"Is that a coffin?â⬠I asked. ââ¬Å"Mmm,â⬠Cassandra said. ââ¬Å"The drawings are veves. They act as magnets, to draw the loas to the earth. The coffin is the symbol of Baron Samedi. He is Saturday, the day of death.â⬠ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢d think you would want to avoid that one instead of magnetically sucking him into your personal space.â⬠ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢ve been over this.â⬠She gave me a look that I recalled from my third-grade teacher ââ¬â extreme annoyance from a very patient woman. ââ¬Å"Death is powerful, and it isnââ¬â¢t necessarily a bad thing.â⬠ââ¬Å"Then why does everyone try so hard to escape it?â⬠ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s human nature to fear what we donââ¬â¢t understand. I try to see death as a beginning.â⬠ââ¬Å"Of what?â⬠ââ¬Å"Who knows?â⬠She finished the candles and joined me. ââ¬Å"A new plane, a different world, an adventure.â⬠She could be right, but Iââ¬â¢d rather wait as long as possible to find out. ââ¬Å"The cross is for Legba,â⬠she continued, ââ¬Å"god of the sun and the way of all spiritual communication.â⬠I could see why that would be handy. ââ¬Å"The heart is Erzulie.â⬠Cassandra met my gaze. ââ¬Å"Goddess of the moon.â⬠A warm wind seemed to brush my skin. Iââ¬â¢d have thought I was imagining it, except the candles fluttered. ââ¬Å"She likes you,â⬠Cassandra whispered. ââ¬Å"Will that help?â⬠ââ¬Å"Wonââ¬â¢t hurt.â⬠ââ¬Å"What about the snake?â⬠I glanced at the python on the wall, whose bright green eyes seemed to shine. ââ¬Å"Danballah.â⬠The snake god. Spirit. Saint Whatever. I should have known. ââ¬Å"Now what?â⬠I asked. ââ¬Å"The ceremony brings the loas to earth; then we ask for guidance.â⬠ââ¬Å"How, exactly, do they come to earth?â⬠Her gaze slid from mine. ââ¬Å"They inhabit another living being.â⬠For a second my brain refused to accept the information my ears had heard. But only for a second. ââ¬Å"Possession? Are you nuts? Thatââ¬â¢s dangerous!â⬠ââ¬Å"Which is why I donââ¬â¢t take the ceremony lightly. Itââ¬â¢s also why people are scared to come here. Word gets around.â⬠ââ¬Å"If you think Iââ¬â¢m going to let some snake spirit possess me, you are off your rocker.â⬠ââ¬Å"I doubt Danballah would be interested in you. I was thinking more along the lines of ââ¬â ââ¬Å" She traced a finger through the heart, her touch smudging whatever had been used to draw the symbol on the wall. ââ¬Å"Deesse de la lune,â⬠she said. The candles fluttered again in a nonexistent wind. As I gazed into their wavering flame I murmured, ââ¬Å"That just might work.â⬠How to cite Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 31, Essay examples gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-81381140845179971482020-05-06T08:14:00.001-07:002020-05-06T08:14:04.829-07:00Night Creature Crescent Moon Chapter 31 Free Essays string(72) " Then that last night, I lost my temper, shouted at him, and we fought\." Adam came into the house as I sat up, careful not to disturb the sleeping child. Without a word, Adam bent and lifted Luc into his arms. Equally silent he walked out of the house. We will write a custom essay sample on Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 31 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I expected heââ¬â¢d walked out of my life forever. What was it about the Ruelles that made me feel things I never had before and never expected to again? What was it about a silent man and a chatty boy that made a foolish, lonely cryptozoologist long for a life sheââ¬â¢d never wanted? This wasnââ¬â¢t me. To ache for a child. To contemplate loving again with the same depth Iââ¬â¢d once loved before. To consider a future so far gone from the one Iââ¬â¢d planned as to be unfathomable. I had to be under a spell. The thought gave me pause. Was I behaving so oddly, thinking so strangely, longing so deeply because ofâ⬠¦ magic? The very idea should make me laugh, but after what Iââ¬â¢d seen since coming to the Crescent City, laughing was the furthest thing from my mind. There was only one person I trusted here, and conve-niently that person knew magic. I grabbed my bag and my keys and drove to town. Bourbon Street was hopping. I heard the music, saw the lights, from several blocks away. I was tempted to take a detour and soothe my problems with a zombie. But I figured the way things were going, Iââ¬â¢d actually run into a zombie. Cassandra opened the door before I even knocked. ââ¬Å"How did you know I was here?â⬠She lifted a brow. ââ¬Å"I peeked through the window.â⬠ââ¬Å"Oh.â⬠ââ¬Å"Lock the door. You need a drink.â⬠Right again. Sometimes I thought she was more than a little psychic. Within minutes I sat across from her at the kitchen table, sipping from a glass of something complete with a tiny umbrella. I took a big swig. ââ¬Å"Fruity.â⬠Probably had twelve types of alcohol. Just what I needed. I took another glug. ââ¬Å"What do you know about love potions? Maybe a charm or a spell?â⬠Cassandra took a ladylike sip and set down her glass. ââ¬Å"More than you, I suspect. Why?â⬠I wasnââ¬â¢t sure. Adam had insisted he couldnââ¬â¢t love me, didnââ¬â¢t want me to love him. What good would a love spell do? But Luc was another matter. The child wanted a mother. If I fell hopelessly in love with him, wouldnââ¬â¢t I take the job? I couldnââ¬â¢t bring myself to tell Cassandra about the boy. Adam didnââ¬â¢t want anyone to know. And while I trusted Cassandra with my life ââ¬â had on several occasions already ââ¬â it wasnââ¬â¢t right for me to trust her with Lucââ¬â¢s. He wasnââ¬â¢t mine to give. ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢re talking about Adam,â⬠she murmured. ââ¬Å"You love him?â⬠ââ¬ËI something him,â⬠I muttered. ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t like it.â⬠ââ¬Å"Just because you donââ¬â¢t want to love the man doesnââ¬â¢t mean youââ¬â¢ve been put under a spell. In truth, if you had been, youââ¬â¢d be thrilled about it Thatââ¬â¢s part of the magic.â⬠I took a huge slurp, and the end of the paper umbrella went up my nose. Sneezing, I tossed it aside. ââ¬Å"You better slow down,â⬠Cassandra said. ââ¬Å"Youââ¬â¢re going to be smashed.â⬠ââ¬Å"OK.â⬠Iââ¬â¢d been right about the twelve kinds of alcohol. Right now, every one of them zipped through my bloodstream, both relaxing and revving me. My cheeks felt on fire. ââ¬Å"I love my husband.â⬠ââ¬Å"Shouldnââ¬â¢t you say loved?ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t know how to stop,â⬠I whispered. ââ¬Å"He still feels alive to me.â⬠I touched my chest. ââ¬Å"Right here.â⬠ââ¬Å"Maybe thatââ¬â¢s why you saw him in your dream. In your heart heââ¬â¢s still alive. You need to let him go.â⬠ââ¬Å"No.â⬠The idea of letting Simon go, of giving up, giving in, going on, was too much for me. Maybe that was why I had come up with the notion that my feelings for Adam had been induced by voodoo. They couldnââ¬â¢t be real, because if they were, I didnââ¬â¢t love Simon anymore. And if my love for him died, then so did he. I know, I know, he already had. But when was love ever rational? I took another swig of courage before blurting what Iââ¬â¢d been wondering since Iââ¬â¢d seen Simon at the window. ââ¬Å"Could you raise him?â⬠I stared at my fingers, clutched together in my lap. Cassandra took a quick, sharp breath and held it. Afraid sheââ¬â¢d pass out if she didnââ¬â¢t breathe, afraid Iââ¬â¢d panic if she didnââ¬â¢t speak, or maybe if she did, I glanced up, then right back down again. The sorrow, the pity, in her eyes made me want to crawl under the table and stay there. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m not that powerful,â⬠she said softly. ââ¬Å"Not yet.â⬠Something in her voice made me tense ââ¬â hope and fear at war. ââ¬Å"But you might be soon?â⬠ââ¬Å"Someday, perhaps. But even if I was, I couldnââ¬â¢t raise Simon.â⬠ââ¬Å"Why not?â⬠ââ¬Å"How long has he been gone?â⬠ââ¬Å"Four years.â⬠She reached across the table and took my hand. ââ¬Å"He wouldnââ¬â¢t be the same, Diana.â⬠ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t care.â⬠ââ¬Å"You would care. Dead is dead; thereââ¬â¢s no going back.â⬠ââ¬Å"There is ââ¬â you said so yourself. There are zombies. Theyââ¬â¢re real.â⬠ââ¬Å"But they arenââ¬â¢t alive. They arenââ¬â¢t the same people. They arenââ¬â¢t even people. You want to rip Simon out of the afterlife, reanimate his disintegrating body, have him look at you with hollow, lifeless eyes? Wonder why heââ¬â¢s here? Ask who you are?â⬠ââ¬Å"Heââ¬â¢d know me.â⬠ââ¬Å"Maybe.â⬠ââ¬Å"I miss him.â⬠ââ¬Å"I know.â⬠She squeezed my hand, and I met her gaze once more. ââ¬Å"Simon didnââ¬â¢t have to die. I could have saved him.â⬠Cassandra stared at me for several seconds. ââ¬Å"So thatââ¬â¢s what this is about? Guilt?â⬠Now that Iââ¬â¢d started talking, I couldnââ¬â¢t seem to stop. ââ¬Å"I didnââ¬â¢t believe him when he said heââ¬â¢d found a werewolf. Again. I was so sick of his wild-goose chases. We went here; we went there. He saw something and every single time, when I got there, there was nothing. Everyone thought he was crazy.â⬠I took a deep breath and admitted my secret shame: ââ¬Å"I started to think so, too. Then that last night, I lost my temper, shouted at him, and we fought. You read "Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 31" in category "Essay examples" He stormed out alone. The next thing I knew, he was dead.â⬠ââ¬Å"I missed the part where your going with him could have saved him.â⬠I shot her a glare. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢d have saved him.â⬠How I wasnââ¬â¢t sure, but Iââ¬â¢d have tried. And if Iââ¬â¢d failed, Iââ¬â¢d be dead, too. Sometimes ââ¬â hell, most times until I came here ââ¬â I wished that I was. ââ¬Å"Heââ¬â¢s gone now,â⬠she said, ââ¬Å"and you need to move on. Quit sabotaging your chance at a new life by clinging to the old one.â⬠ââ¬Å"I have to find the loup-garou. Prove that Simon wasnââ¬â¢t crazy. Clear his name.â⬠ââ¬Å"All right Then maybe you can move on.â⬠I considered her words, which were an echo of my own earlier thoughts. Maybe I could. Except ââ¬â ââ¬Å"How do I know if what I feel is real?â⬠Cassandra sighed. ââ¬Å"You really believe Ruelle put a hex on you to make you love him? I thought it was all sex, all the time.â⬠ââ¬Å"Not all the time,â⬠I muttered, though she did have a point. ââ¬Å"There might be a way to discover the truth.â⬠ââ¬Å"How?ââ¬â¢ ââ¬Å"A ceremony.â⬠ââ¬Å"Voodoo?â⬠She lifted a brow and didnââ¬â¢t bother to answer. ââ¬Å"What do I have to dor ââ¬Å"Come to the temple. Weââ¬â¢ll ask the has if youââ¬â¢re under a love spell.â⬠ââ¬Å"That works?â⬠ââ¬Å"So far, whatever Iââ¬â¢ve asked, theyââ¬â¢ve answered.â⬠I frowned. She was starting to scare me. ââ¬Å"If they say youââ¬â¢re not being influenced by magic, will you quit fighting the feeling and tell the man you care?â⬠I wasnââ¬â¢t sure. Adam had said he couldnââ¬â¢t love me, that I shouldnââ¬â¢t ask him to. ââ¬Å"Diana?â⬠Cassandra pressed. ââ¬Å"Letââ¬â¢s just do whatever voodoo that you do, and then weââ¬â¢ll see.â⬠ââ¬Å"Promise youââ¬â¢ll give him a chance.â⬠ââ¬Å"What difference does it make to you?â⬠She put her hands on her hips. ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m not going to waste a perfectly good voodoo ceremony on someone whoââ¬â¢s too stubborn to reap the benefits.â⬠ââ¬Å"OK. Fine. Letââ¬â¢s get it over with.â⬠ââ¬Å"Take a breath. Slow down. The temple is peaceful. You might enjoy your time there.â⬠Instead of heading out the back door, Cassandra returned to the shop and picked up a wooden bowl. She proceeded to add items from her shelves, then turned toward the snake cage. ââ¬Å"Whoa,â⬠I said, my voice a bit slurred from the alcohol. ââ¬Å"No snake.â⬠ââ¬Å"We need him for the ceremony.â⬠ââ¬Å"I hate snakes.â⬠ââ¬Å"Consider him Danballah.â⬠ââ¬Å"I know Iââ¬â¢m going to be sorry I asked, but whatââ¬â¢s Danballah?â⬠ââ¬Å"The Great Serpent. Father of the loos.â⬠I recalled her earlier explanation. ââ¬Å"A god.â⬠ââ¬Å"More of a spirit. In vodoun there was an original supreme being known as the Gran Met. When he finished his work and returned to the other worlds, he left the has behind to help the people.â⬠Iââ¬â¢d been raised Catholic, though I hadnââ¬â¢t practiced since Iââ¬â¢d left my parentsââ¬â¢ house. Nevertheless, all this talk about gods made me twitchy. ââ¬Å"You donââ¬â¢t really believe this, do you?â⬠Her sigh was aggrieved. ââ¬Å"You canââ¬â¢t ask me to perform a voodoo ceremony for truth, then wonder if I believe.â⬠I very nearly pointed out that I hadnââ¬â¢t asked her to do anything, but she was on a roll, so I let her go. ââ¬Å"If I donââ¬â¢t believe, then what in hell am I doing here? For that matter, what are you?â⬠ââ¬Å"All right. You believe.â⬠ââ¬Å"Gotta believe in something,â⬠Cassandra muttered, and shoved the bowl into my arms. I didnââ¬â¢t see it coming and bobbled the thing, nearly dropping it. ââ¬Å"Hey!â⬠She shot me a glare. ââ¬Å"You wanna hold the snake?â⬠ââ¬Å"Nope.â⬠I waved my hand. ââ¬Å"Carry on.â⬠She pulled Lazarus out of the cage, murmuring softly. He took one look at me and hissed. The feeling was mutual. ââ¬Å"Think of the loas like saints.â⬠Cassandra led the way from the shop, through her living area, and out the back door. ââ¬Å"Theyââ¬â¢re a kind of bridge to the supreme being.â⬠ââ¬Å"I can see why the Catholic Church was so snarky about the whole voodoo thing. A snake spirit is a far cry from a saintâ⬠ââ¬Å"Didnââ¬â¢t Saint Patrick charm the snakes out of Ireland?â⬠ââ¬Å"Watch it when you talk about Saint Patrick and Ireland,â⬠I muttered. Cassandra spared me a smile. ââ¬Å"When the slaves arrived they were baptized Catholic right off the boat, and their religion was outlawed, so they secretly combined the two and got ââ¬â ââ¬Å" ââ¬Å"Vodoun.â⬠ââ¬Å"Bingo.â⬠Behind Cassandraââ¬â¢s shop lay a partially enclosed courtyard filled with plants, flowers, and a fountain. The ground was hard-packed earth ââ¬â no grass, no stones, no pavement. A door had been set in one wall; Cassandra opened it. ââ¬Å"No lock?â⬠I asked. ââ¬Å"On a temple?â⬠She flicked the light. ââ¬Å"Besides, most people are too scared to come in here with me. They certainly wouldnââ¬â¢t come without me.â⬠ââ¬Å"Terrific,â⬠I said, and followed. I stopped just inside the door. The room was so full of stuff, I didnââ¬â¢t know what to stare at first. Cassandra placed Lazarus in a cardboard box near a flat stone covered with candles and smaller, more colorful flat stones. She proceeded to light the wicks, and I continued to stare. Surrounding the stone were flowers, pebbles, tiny flags, and charms. The walls were decorated with brightly colored symbols: a cross, a heart, a snake, a box of some sort. Long, thin. ââ¬Å"Is that a coffin?â⬠I asked. ââ¬Å"Mmm,â⬠Cassandra said. ââ¬Å"The drawings are veves. They act as magnets, to draw the loas to the earth. The coffin is the symbol of Baron Samedi. He is Saturday, the day of death.â⬠ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢d think you would want to avoid that one instead of magnetically sucking him into your personal space.â⬠ââ¬Å"Weââ¬â¢ve been over this.â⬠She gave me a look that I recalled from my third-grade teacher ââ¬â extreme annoyance from a very patient woman. ââ¬Å"Death is powerful, and it isnââ¬â¢t necessarily a bad thing.â⬠ââ¬Å"Then why does everyone try so hard to escape it?â⬠ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s human nature to fear what we donââ¬â¢t understand. I try to see death as a beginning.â⬠ââ¬Å"Of what?â⬠ââ¬Å"Who knows?â⬠She finished the candles and joined me. ââ¬Å"A new plane, a different world, an adventure.â⬠She could be right, but Iââ¬â¢d rather wait as long as possible to find out. ââ¬Å"The cross is for Legba,â⬠she continued, ââ¬Å"god of the sun and the way of all spiritual communication.â⬠I could see why that would be handy. ââ¬Å"The heart is Erzulie.â⬠Cassandra met my gaze. ââ¬Å"Goddess of the moon.â⬠A warm wind seemed to brush my skin. Iââ¬â¢d have thought I was imagining it, except the candles fluttered. ââ¬Å"She likes you,â⬠Cassandra whispered. ââ¬Å"Will that help?â⬠ââ¬Å"Wonââ¬â¢t hurt.â⬠ââ¬Å"What about the snake?â⬠I glanced at the python on the wall, whose bright green eyes seemed to shine. ââ¬Å"Danballah.â⬠The snake god. Spirit. Saint Whatever. I should have known. ââ¬Å"Now what?â⬠I asked. ââ¬Å"The ceremony brings the loas to earth; then we ask for guidance.â⬠ââ¬Å"How, exactly, do they come to earth?â⬠Her gaze slid from mine. ââ¬Å"They inhabit another living being.â⬠For a second my brain refused to accept the information my ears had heard. But only for a second. ââ¬Å"Possession? Are you nuts? Thatââ¬â¢s dangerous!â⬠ââ¬Å"Which is why I donââ¬â¢t take the ceremony lightly. Itââ¬â¢s also why people are scared to come here. Word gets around.â⬠ââ¬Å"If you think Iââ¬â¢m going to let some snake spirit possess me, you are off your rocker.â⬠ââ¬Å"I doubt Danballah would be interested in you. I was thinking more along the lines of ââ¬â ââ¬Å" She traced a finger through the heart, her touch smudging whatever had been used to draw the symbol on the wall. ââ¬Å"Deesse de la lune,â⬠she said. The candles fluttered again in a nonexistent wind. As I gazed into their wavering flame I murmured, ââ¬Å"That just might work.â⬠How to cite Night Creature: Crescent Moon Chapter 31, Essay examples gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-68246490029995521142020-04-25T16:22:00.001-07:002020-04-25T16:22:03.302-07:00Is The Duchess of Malfi about love or power Essay ExampleIs The Duchess of Malfi about love or power Paper In the play The Duchess of Malfi, John Webster explores several themes which include both love and power, and in this instance both appear to be inextricably linked. For these reasons, one cannot define whether power or love is the defining essence of the play, but it can be argued as to which one is predominant. The only characters who appear to encapsulate any kind of true love are foremost Antonio and the Duchess, whose relationship is maintained for a substantial period before it is thwarted by the corruption of their surroundings. The theme of power, however, is far more complicated in that each character experiences the use of power, or becomes a victim as a result of the abuse of power. This includes the concept of power between men and women, those of different social statuses, and the use of knowledge as a tool to gain power, mainly through secrecy. The main conflict of power is shown in the relationships between the Duchess and her brothers. Webster explores the idea of male dominance over women in the way in which the Duchess brothers are so controlling of her, and condescending towards her. With Ferdinand in particular, this idea is reinforced as he is portrayed to have a fair amount of power, and also eager to maintain the power which he has. We will write a custom essay sample on Is The Duchess of Malfi about love or power specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Is The Duchess of Malfi about love or power specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Is The Duchess of Malfi about love or power specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer He speaks with others tongues, and hears mens suits With others ears; will seem to sleep o th bench Only to entrap offenders in their answers. What is particularly unusual about these relationships is the way in which the Duchess persistently challenges all the authorities that her brothers try to impose on her. In this particular case, she is doing it for the sake of love, which reinforces the idea that power and love are indeed linked. As her brothers try to convince her that marrying again would be foolish, not only does she disregard what they say, but she also defends her own wishes. Diamonds are of most value, They say, that have past through most jewelers hands. Whores, by that rule, are precious. Her attempt to convince her brothers otherwise shows great character and determination, which was highly unusual for women of those times. Later on in the play when the Duchess brothers are aware of her sexual activity (which they assume is out of wedlock), they both discuss what they want to do with her. I could kill her now. Their discussion not only envisions the idea that they are using the power that they have been given, but in a more physical aspect, their masculine power against her feminine independence. This struggle of power between the siblings is kept on the surface throughout the play, as the brothers continuously try to control the Duchess, yet she remains persistent in challenging and disobeying them. Another exploration of power is through the secrecy involved in the play, and how the characters effectively gain a certain amount of power by knowing something that other characters dont. The secret relationship between Antonio and the Duchess gives them both power in terms of its effect on the other characters, particularly Ferdinand. Antonio has a certain amount of power over Ferdinand as the relationship is making him angry, yet he has the power to stop it. Bosola also tries to use knowledge to his advantage as he hopes that in exchange for the spying he does for Ferdinand, he will receive not only power, but also respect. Throughout the play, love never appears to come into its own form as power does, but it is always tainted with the corruption of the society; the only real love between any two characters has to be hidden for many years for fear of life. Even when the theme of love is more explicit to the audience, it is still mixed with the theme of power. At the beginning of the play when the Duchess is trying court Antonio, Webster not only explores once again the concept of power between men and women, but also the boundaries created by social status. The Duchess clearly goes against her brothers wishes by marrying again, but she furthers her violation by marrying someone of a lower social status i.e. Antonio, a steward. Sir, this goodly roof of yours, is too low built; I cannot stand upright int nor discourse, Without I raise it higher; raise yourself. In this instance, the Duchess is literally raising Antonio, but metaphorically raising his social status to her level, although this does still not comply with her brothers standards. It is also particularly ironic that the Duchess uses secrecy for the sake of love when she asks Cariola to hide, and thus make their meeting a wedding ceremony. Good dear soul, Leave me; but place thyself behind the arras, Where thou mayst overhear us. This is the only instance in the play whereby secrecy is used with good intentions, as opposed to the usual web of deception that surrounds the other characters. Of the few female characters, Julia plays an important role in emphasising the difference between love and lust. She is similar to the Duchess in that she is in part of a secret relationship, but her intentions are different to those of the Duchess, as her relationship is with a married man out of wedlock. This contrast is once again emphasised at the end, when it is apparent that Julia dies for lust, whereas the Duchess dies for love. Towards the end of the play, when the Duchess has her final disputes with her brother before her death, it almost seems like a battle of love against power. One instance where perhaps love does take precedence over power is when Ferdinand has finally discovered who has fathered her children, and instead of killing her, he tells her to kill herself. Die then, quickly! Ferdinand clearly has the power and motivation to kill the Duchess, yet he refrains from doing so, perhaps because his love for her is too strong. Before the battle comes to its eventual end whereby love loses, and the Duchess is killed, she still manages to maintain her power and dignity to the very end of her life, showing her determined and strong character. I am Duchess of Malfi still. The question of whether the play is about love or power can never be answered, as it can never be only one of them. It would initially appear that power is dominant, as all the love is destroyed, and even those who hold power are brought to their deaths, drowning in their own corruption and greed. Only one relationship in the play shows true love, and this leads to the ultimate death of all of the leading characters. However, it is also important to note the effect each theme has on the other, and how they complement each other. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-80958714796277505502020-03-18T09:09:00.001-07:002020-03-18T09:09:03.040-07:0015 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $40 per Hour (And How to Get Them)15 Part-Time Jobs That Pay More Than $40 per Hour (And How to Get Them) When you think part-time, you might think of some of the classics: retail, food service, babysitting. In reality, there are tons of part-time opportunities out there- many of which can be pretty lucrative, if you have the right skill set (or are willing to pick it up). Letââ¬â¢s look at some of the best-paying part-time gigs out there. 1. TutorTutors provide extra academic help for students, whether itââ¬â¢s in a specific subject area at school or prepping for standardized tests. As college entrance gets more and more competitive, more students and their parents are looking to hire academic helpers. Depending on the studentââ¬â¢s needs and the tutorââ¬â¢s level of expertise, tutors can command anywhere from $15 to $200 an hour (particularly for specialized test prep, like SAT and grad school entrance exams).What youââ¬â¢ll need: Knowledge and a track record of grades, high test scores, etc. If youââ¬â¢re still bursting with pride over your near-perfect SATs, you mig ht be able to put that savvy to work by the hour.2. Personal TrainerIf your ideal version of ââ¬Å"the officeâ⬠involves the clank of free weights and orderly rows of treadmills, becoming a personal trainer could be a good and flexible option for you. Personal trainers meet one on one with clients by the hour, developing and implementing fitness plans. Personal trainers can earn up to $50 an hour.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Physical fitness, for starters- clients tend to want someone who can lead by example. Depending on where you live, you may also need to become certified.3. Makeup ArtistIf youââ¬â¢re creative and know your way around an eyeshadow palette, being a freelance makeup artist offers a flexible hourly job that can pay anywhere from $13 ââ¬â $40+ per hour. Per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, makeup artists are the highest-paid workers in the cosmetology industry.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Some states require that makeup artists be licensed, so youââ¬â¢ll need to pay close attention to your stateââ¬â¢s requirements. You can also train to become a makeup artist at a licensed cosmetology school. You might also want to consider relocating, if you donââ¬â¢t already live in a big metro area- large cities like New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago have the highest-paid makeup artists.4. Translator/InterpreterParlez-vous francais? As we start to think more globally, people who can ease communication and cultural transitions will be in huge demand. Companies (especially those with international offices) may employ translators directly, or use a third-party agency that matches qualified translators with particular jobs. Translators can earn up to $50 an hour, depending on the complexity of the project.What youââ¬â¢ll need: fluency in at least one language other than English, with very strong grammar and syntax skills.5. Therapist/Life CoachBecause therapy is often appointment-based, that gives the therapist flexibility to practice full- or part-time. Whether itââ¬â¢s counseling, life coaching, or social work, client appointments can fetch $45-$150 an hour.What youââ¬â¢ll need: a degree in psychology, counseling, or social work (depending on your field), plus potential licensing, depending on your stateââ¬â¢s requirements.6. Freelance WriterWebsites, publications, agencies, publishers- they all need content, and talented writers to produce it. Think outside the magazine, too. Many companies need part-time writers to create in-house materials, instruction manuals, etc. Technical writers are especially in demand, and can command the high end of the $33-$75 per hour spectrum. Freelance writers are available on a project basis to write and edit various materials.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Strong written communication skills, and a lot of self-starting initiative/self-marketing skills.7. Adjunct ProfessorLike tutoring, this is another great part-time avenue if you have very specific subject expertise or experienc e. Being an adjunct faculty member at a local college or an online school lets you teach classes on a part-time basis. Adjunct teaching jobs often let you work your ââ¬Å"dayâ⬠job and teach about it at night, or leaving your days flexible for other life priorities.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Either a degree in your field or extensive experience working in it. You should also have good communication and people skills, because working with students can require a lot of problem solving and translating complicated concepts for people who havenââ¬â¢t seen them before.8. Massage TherapistA massage therapist is another appointment-based service provider who can set up a very flexible part-time job with strong hourly rates. You can work for a spa or healthcare facility, or set up shop as a roving masseur (have folding massage table and essential oils, will travel). Demand for massage therapists is growing as it becomes an accepted part of many health and wellness plans. Experienced m assage therapists can make up to $60 per hour.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Completion of an accredited training program. A degree is not typically necessary, but classes in anatomy, physiology, and other sciences definitely helps. Many states require that massage therapists be licensed, so be sure youââ¬â¢re up on your stateââ¬â¢s own requirements.9. App/Software DeveloperIf you think youââ¬â¢re sitting on the next Candy Crush, you should be all set for life. But realistically, most app and software developers work on a part-time, project basis while they have other tech jobs. Developing on the side can be a very lucrative moonlighting opportunity, with rates that range from $30-$60 per hour.What youââ¬â¢ll need: A degree in computer science or software engineering isnââ¬â¢t absolutely essential, but itââ¬â¢s an extremely helpful foundation. Youââ¬â¢ll also need excellent coding skills, as well as knowledge about UI design, programming languages, basic computer back end knowledge, and general market knowledge.10. Fitness InstructorLike personal trainers, fitness class instructors (yoga, pilates, Zumba, etc.) can often set their own schedule, aligning classes and teaching appointments with other life obligations. While many teachers start at around $20 an hour, more experienced and established teachers can command $40 an hour for their services.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Certification definitely gives you an edge here, as does experience with whatever fitness specialty you want to teach. Expertise is what builds a student base and increases your hourly earning potential.11. BartenderThis might be the classic high-paying part-time job, one you can do on nights and weekends. While the hourly salary for bartenders is on par with other food service jobs (read: not astronomical), thereââ¬â¢s a huge potential for tips that drives up the hourly income to anywhere from $10-$75, depending on the bar, the customer base, and how many times youââ¬â¢ve s een the movie Cocktail. (Kidding on the last one- I donââ¬â¢t recommend throwing around bottles of tequila unless youââ¬â¢re a) Tom Cruise; or b) really know what youââ¬â¢re doing.)What youââ¬â¢ll need: Right now, the trend is ââ¬Å"mixologyâ⬠over traditional sud-slinging, so taking a bartending/mixology course to learn how to make cocktails can help you develop a range of signature drinks- and a loyal customer base. Youââ¬â¢ll also need to be over 21.12. Rideshare DriverThis is another one that prioritizes hustle over a set schedule. Drivers for ridesharing services (like Uber and Lyft) can earn up to $30 an hour, plus tips.What youââ¬â¢ll need: A driverââ¬â¢s license and a car thatââ¬â¢s clean, presentable, and in good working order.13.à Web DesignerThis is a part-time job you can do from literally anywhere (assuming thereââ¬â¢s wifi). Web designers create and maintain websites for clients. And those with advanced skills in graphic design and co mputer programming do best of all, along with a good dose of self-marketing ability and business savvy. Web designers can earn $15-$75 per hour, depending on the projects and experience.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Graphic design know-how, coding skills (particularly HTML), and a go-getting nature to develop a customer base are all essentials for a career in web design.14. Dog Walkerââ¬Å"Neither rain nor snow nor gloom of nightâ⬠stop the mail from being delivered, and they also donââ¬â¢t stop dogs from needing to get out and exercise while doing their business. Dog walkers often earn $15-$20 per dog per walk, and if you have multiple clients set up for half-hour or hour-long walks, hourly rates end up in the $15-$75 range.What youââ¬â¢ll need: Must love dogs (or at least tolerate them and be willing to clean up after them). A background in dog training or behavior is also helpful, since every dog has different needs and issues. Insurance and licensing are also a major plus for your dog walking resume, as clients are entrusting their furriest family members to your care.15. Business ConsultantIf you have a business background but need a flexible schedule, consulting may be the way to go. Consultants with specific expertise can apply their skills to projects or an ongoing relationship with different companies without being on the full-time hook. Top consultants can make $150-$300 per hour, depending on qualifications and experience. Sites like HourlyNerd can help hook you up with projects that match your expertise.What youââ¬â¢ll need: An advanced degree in business (typically an MBA or similar), and/or extensive expertise and experience in the field where you want to consult. Youââ¬â¢re selling your knowledge and experience, so youââ¬â¢ll need to have a track record of both if you want to make big bucks as a consultant.Just because youââ¬â¢re looking for a flexible or part-time job doesnââ¬â¢t mean you have to sacrifice full-time money. If you have an extra dash of hustle and are willing to go out and develop the skills and training you need, these jobs can be a very lucrative way to create a customized work schedule for yourself. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-8523167206239163832020-03-02T00:55:00.001-08:002020-03-02T00:55:04.211-08:00The Treasure of the AztecsThe Treasure of the Aztecs In 1519, Hernan Cortes and his greedy band of some 600 conquistadors began their audacious assault on theà Mexica (Aztec) Empire. By 1521 the Mexica capital city ofà ââ¬â¹Tenochtitlan was in ashes, Emperor Montezuma was dead and theà Spanish were firmly in control of what they took to calling New Spain. Along the way, Cortes and his men collected thousands of pounds of gold, silver, jewels and priceless pieces ofà Aztec art. Whatever became of this unimaginable treasure? The Concept of Wealth in the New World For the Spanish, the concept of wealth was simple: it meant gold and silver, preferably in easily negotiable bars or coins, and the more of it the better. For the Mexica and their allies, it was more complicated. They used gold and silver but primarily for ornaments, decorations, plates, and jewelry. The Aztecs prized other things far above gold: they loved brightly colored feathers, preferably from quetzals or hummingbirds. They would make elaborate cloaks and headdresses out of these feathers and it was a conspicuous display of wealth to wear one. They loved jewels, including jade and turquoise. They also prized cotton and garments like tunics made from it: as a display of power, Tlatoani Montezuma would wear as many as four cotton tunics a day and discard them after wearing them only once. The people of central Mexico were great merchants who engaged in trade, generally bartering goods with one another, but cacao beans were also used as a currency of sorts. Cortes Sends Treasure to the King In April of 1519, the Cortes expedition landed near present-dayââ¬â¹Ã Veracruz: they had already visited the Maya area of Potonchan, where they picked up some gold and the invaluable interpreter Malinche. From the town they founded in Veracruz they made friendly relationships with the coastal tribes. The Spanish offered to ally themselves with these disgruntled vassals, who agreed and often gave them gifts of gold, feathers and cotton cloth. In addition, emissaries from Montezuma occasionally appeared, bringing great gifts with them. The first emissaries gave the Spanish some rich clothes, an obsidian mirror, a tray and jar of gold, some fans and a shield made from mother-of-pearl. Subsequent emissaries brought a gold-plated wheel six and a half feet across, weighing some thirty-five pounds, and a smaller silver one: these represented the sun and moon. Later emissaries brought back a Spanish helmet which had been sent to Montezuma; the generous ruler had filled the helm with gold dust as the Spanish had requested. He did this because he had been made to believe that the Spanish suffered from an illness which could only be cured by gold. In July of 1519, Cortes decided to send some of this treasure to the King of Spain, in part because the king was entitled to a fifth of any treasure found and in part because Cortes needed the kings support for his venture, which was on questionable legal ground. The Spanish put together all of the treasures they had accumulated, inventoried it and sent much of it to Spain on a ship. They estimated that the gold and silver was worth about 22,500 pesos: this estimate was based on its worth as a raw material, not as artistic treasures. A long list of the inventory survives: it details every item. One example: the other collar has four strings with 102 red stones and 172 apparently green, and around the two green stones are 26 golden bells and, in the said collar, ten large stones set in gold... (qtd. in Thomas). Detailed as this list is, it appears that Cortes and his lieutenants held much back: it is likely that the king received only one-tenth of the treasure taken thus far. The Treasures of Tenochtitlan Between July and November of 1519, Cortes and his men made their way to Tenochtitlan. Along their way, they picked up more treasure in the form of more gifts from Montezuma, loot from the Cholula Massacre and gifts from the leader of Tlaxcala, who in addition entered into an important alliance with Cortes. In early November, the conquistadors entered Tenochtitlan and Montezuma made them welcome. A week or so into their stay, the Spanish arrested Montezuma on a pretext and kept him in their heavily defended compound. Thus began the plunder of the great city. The Spaniards continually demanded gold, and their captive, Montezuma, told his people to bring it. Many great treasures of gold, silver jewels and featherwork were laid at the feet of the invaders. Furthermore, Cortes asked Montezuma where the gold came from. The captive emperor freely admitted that there were several places in the Empire where gold could be found: it was usually panned from streams and smelted for use. Cortes immediately sent his men to those places to investigate. Montezuma had allowed the Spaniards to stay at the lavish palace of Axayacatl, a former tlatoani of the empire and Montezumas father. One day, the Spanish discovered a vast treasure behind one of the walls: gold, jewels, idols, jade, feathers and more. It was added to the invaders ever-growing pile of loot. The Noche Triste In May of 1520, Cortes had to return to the coastà to defeat the conquistador army of Panfilo de Narvaez. In his absence from Tenochtitlan, his hotheaded lieutenant Pedro de Alvarado ordered the massacre of thousands of unarmed Aztec nobles attending the festival of Toxcatl. When Cortes returned in July, he found his men under siege. On June 30, they decided they could not hold the city and decided to depart. But what to do about the treasure? At that point, it is estimated that the Spanish had amassed some eight thousand pounds of gold and silver, not to mention plenty of feathers, cotton, jewels and more.à Cortes ordered the kings fifth and his own fifth loaded onto horses and Tlaxcalan porters and told the others to take what they wanted. Foolish conquistadors loaded themselves down with gold: smart ones only took a handful of jewels. That night, the Spanish were spotted as they tried to flee the city: the enraged Mexica warriors attacked, slaughtering hundreds of Spaniards on the Tacuba causeway out of the city. The Spanish later referred to this as the Noche Triste or Night of Sorrows.The kings and Cortes gold was lost, and those soldiers who carried very much loot either dropped it or were slaughtered because they were running too slowly. Most of the great treasures of Montezuma were irrevocably lost that night. Return to Tenochtitlan and Division of Spoils The Spanish regrouped and were able to re-take Tenochtitlan a few months later, this time for good. Although they found some of their lost loot (and were able to squeeze some more out of the defeated Mexica) they never found all of it, despite torturing the new emperor, Cuauhtà ©moc. After the city had been retaken and it came time to divide the spoils, Cortes proved as skilled at stealing from his own men as he had in stealing from the Mexica. After setting aside the kings fifth and his own fifth, he began making suspiciously large payments to his closest cronies for weapons, services, etc. When they finally got their share, Cortes soldiers were dismayed to learn that they had earned less than two hundred pesos each, far less than they would have gotten for honest work elsewhere. The soldiers were furious, but there was little they could do. Cortes bought them off by sending them on further expeditions which he promised would bring in more gold and expeditions were soon on their way to the lands of the Maya in the south. Other conquistadors were given encomiendas: these were grants of vast lands with native villages or town on them. The owner theoretically had to provide protection and religious instruction for the natives, and in return the natives would work for the landowner. In reality, it was officially sanctioned slavery and led to some unspeakable abuses. The conquistadors who served under Cortes always believed that he had held back thousands of pesos in gold from them, and the historical evidence seems to support them. Guests to Cortes home reported seeing many bars of gold in Cortes possession. Legacy of the Treasure of Montezuma In spite of the losses of the Night of Sorrows, Cortes and his men were able to take a staggering amount of gold out of Mexico: only Francisco Pizarros looting of the Inca Empire produced a greater amount of wealth. The audacious conquest inspired thousands of Europeans to flock to the New World, hoping to be on the next expedition to conquer a rich empire. After Pizarros conquest of the Inca, however, there were no more great empires to find, although legends of the city of El Dorado persisted for centuries. It is a great tragedy that the Spanish preferred their gold in coins and bars: countless priceless golden ornaments were melted down and the cultural and artistic loss is incalculable. According to the Spanish who saw these golden works, Aztec goldsmiths were more skilled than their European counterparts. Sources Diaz del Castillo, Bernal. . Trans., ed. J.M. Cohen. 1576. London, Penguin Books, 1963. Levy, Buddy. . New York: Bantam, 2008. Thomas, Hugh. . New York: Touchstone, 1993. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-85799016218880368572020-02-14T16:20:00.001-08:002020-02-14T16:20:02.806-08:00Harrod-Domar Growth Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsHarrod-Domar Growth Model - Essay Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that in the closed economy, saving equals to investment, and saving is some proportion of income as well. Thus we find that saving equals to saving rate times income equal to investment (St=sYt=It). The last one is that we can write the capital-accumulation in the form of Kt+1=(1-d)*Kt+It, where K is capital stock and d is the rate of capital depreciation. Based on all assumptions and according to the mathematics, in order to simplify all equations and use Log method, we can get the growth rate of GDP is gY=s*A-d, where d is the depreciation rate of capital. This is the main idea of the H-D model. Based on the result, the growth rate of an economy, therefore, depends on the saving rate. It means that saving rate will promote economic growth. However, it must be satisfying the assumptions, otherwise, the result will be different. Here is an example to prove it. The data source from Gapminder World; as indicated in the grap h below proves that there is no relationship between investment and GDP/capita growth in 1970 and 2010. In summary, the H-D model cannot completely explain the fact that the rate of saving can prove economic growth. The model has to satisfy all the assumptions otherwise the results obtained will be different. This paper also illustrates why developing countries are developing faster than western countries. There are two sets data from World Bank. The first one is about Canada which is developed the country and the second one is about China, which is developing the country. According to the table, one can see that Chinaââ¬â¢s GDP is much great than Canadaââ¬â¢s, and all the percentage value larger than Canada. This is, therefore, an indication that China growths faster than Canada. Solow model can play a significant role in explaining this phenomenon. One assumption of the model is the constant return on the scale. This means that all input is increased by the same amount the o utput. The assumption, therefore, yields the aggregate production as follows; Y=F(K, L). gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-5277951334525461852020-02-01T22:30:00.001-08:002020-02-01T22:30:02.990-08:00New Mexico and the American West Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1New Mexico and the American West - Assignment Example 2. Arizona has shrinking agricultural development while New Mexicoââ¬â¢s is growing. Arizona has a less Hispanic speaking community than New Mexico. It also has a low population than New Mexico. Arizona has the largest population of American states with 6.6 million with New Mexicoââ¬â¢s just over two million. Arizona has rapid population growth while New Mexico has a rather slow population growth. Arizona has many Indian communities while New Mexico has few Indian communities with Hispanic communities being dominant. Arizona has a history of political conservatism while New Mexico is not as conservative. 3. 1848-1865 ââ¬â mining began in this period 1866-1878 ââ¬â Mormon farming towns were raised and crops were grown and then sold to miners. 1879-1899 ââ¬â transportation along with the mining of copper began here. Tombstone, a major mining town for copper emerged and grew. 1900-1939 ââ¬â Copper boom was experienced in this stage and cattle and cotton farming dev eloped as well. 1940 onwards ââ¬â Arizona became an urban place. Economy shifted here and agriculture and mining declined as service industry took over. 4. The Navajo community live in circular homes called Hogan. When a person dies in a Hogan then they shut the doors of the Hogan as they believe that could come along with evil ghosts. They believe in a state of balance or harmony they refer to as hozho. They believe in traditional ceremonies like one called the blessing way which involves healers and singers attending. They have a ceremony called kinaalda which is one to signify the coming of age of a girl. Four sacred mountains of the Navajo include: the sierra Blanca in the east which means faith and thinking or white shell; Hesperus peak which refers to awareness and charity; mt. Humphrey which means life and love above; and mt. Taylor which means planning or blue turquoise. 5. The Mormon landscape had a grid of rather huge streets and there were also ditches on the sides of roads for irrigation purposes. Towns had rather open fields and there were also polygamous houses. There were also two by two houses and the towns had bans and granaries that had not been painted. The church meeting house was at the center of town and the residences were made of brick and stone. The plat for the city of Zion is basically the land tenure issue of the state of Utah. This refers to the need for irrigation, need for shared resources and the need for defence. This is also connected to the law of the Indies. 6. Utah was more or less an all Indian nation and it had Mormons settle in it. The state therefore had its key land tenure conflict being Mormons vs. gentiles. Utah has been praised for many reasons that make it different from the rest of America and one of these reasons is the fact that it has been rated the best state in America for economic growth. It is ranked highest for its economic dynamism by Forbes magazine and the USA today ranks this state first for the qu ality state government that it has. Prudential insurance ranks Utah as the fifth healthiest state in the states. The salt lake is in this state and it is therefore referred to as the Salt Lake City. Forbes ranks it as being the best city when it comes for jobs and it has as well been said to be the fittest city. The land tenure driver for Utah is the plat for the city of Zion and this is certainly due to the fact that the Mormon Church initially runs things there. It is said to be the third gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-18909035003024124132020-01-24T18:54:00.001-08:002020-01-24T18:54:03.836-08:00Organ Donation and Forest Depletion Depicted in Fitzhughââ¬â¢s The Organ GrOrgan Donation and Forest Depletion Depicted in Fitzhughââ¬â¢s The Organ Grinders On the back of my drivers license there is a box which will allow me to donate organs if I wish to do so. Upon first receiving my license I didnââ¬â¢t know whether to sign it or where I could find three witnesses to watch me sign. Modern science is allowing people to live longer than ever before, and transplanting failed organs is another method to preserve our frail lives. The problem with human organ transplantation is there is never enough supply to meet the high demand. With organ transplants being a problem in our society, the diminishing rain forest is another pressing issue. It has been estimated that our rain forests could disappear within 40 years at our current logging rate (Raintree, 2004). The reason we were always told to recycle and ââ¬Ësave a treeââ¬â¢ is because the rain forests provide our breathing air. The rain forests provide a home for many animals and removing the animals from their home will cause extinction. In the novel The Organ Grinders, P aul Symon the main character, observes the apparent problem that exists in rain forest depletion and with organ transplantation. With a few significant changes, the damage done by these technologies can be minimized and life be treasured. As an adolescent Paul Symon proposed a plan to Jerry Landis who was the owner of Landaq, a biotechnology corporation. Once Landis got a photo with Paul to make him feel good and got him to leave, Landis and his photographer burst into laughter. ââ¬Å"Then he saw Jerry Landis drop his proposal into the wastebasket. And with that simple act, Jerry Landis taught Paul a painful lessonâ⬠¦it wasnââ¬â¢t the worst thing Jerry Landis would ever do to him.â⬠(Fitzhugh,... ...e Organ Grinders. New York: Avon, 1998 ââ¬Å"John J. Fungâ⬠Transplanting Animal Organs Into Humans Is Feasible 1999 Nov http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1272/is_2654_128/ai_57564084 ââ¬Å"Alan H. Bergerâ⬠Xenotransplantation: The Ethics, the Science, the Risks 1996 March 15 http://articles.animalconcerns.org/ar-voices/archive/xeno_risks.html ââ¬Å"Alexander Tabarrokâ⬠A Moral Solution to the Organ Shortage 2001 February http://www.independent.org/newsroom/article.asp?ID=283 ââ¬Å"savetherainforest.orgâ⬠Facts about the rainforest http://www.savetherainforest.org/savetherainforest_007.htm ââ¬Å"wikipediaâ⬠Rainforest 2004http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest ââ¬Å"rain-tee.comâ⬠Rain forest facts 2004 http://www.rain-tree.com/facts.htm ââ¬Å"Robert E. Michlerâ⬠Xenotransplantation: Risks, Clinical Potential, and Future Prospects 1996 March http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol2no1/michler.htm gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-25091552350114764642020-01-16T15:18:00.001-08:002020-01-16T15:18:03.544-08:00EDU 330 Special Education Foundations and Framework Benchmark Assessment EssayThe Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) has granted that placement options be available to better meet the needs of students. (Classroom Leadership, 2001) To better meet these requirements, educators have strived to make every effort to place students with and without disabilities in environments where they can learn, grow, and be successful. Each student is placed according to their individual needs, abilities, qualities, and level of services needed. Placing students in their correct environment is essential for obtaining a quality education. Today, there are many resourceful classrooms that are aimed at the specific abilities and disabilities of students. In these types of classrooms, students are better equipped to get the help they need. There are also related services within the school and the community that are aimed at offering support to families with disabilities. When students are placed in the correct environments, teachers can strategically help connect students and their families to these resources, and also integrate assistive technologies into the curriculum to support student learning abilities. When it comes to effectively placing studentââ¬â¢s collaboration is key to assessing the type of environment that is presumed to be best for students. Educational environments affect teaching and learning, therefore the classroom environment must be designed to support the individual needs of students. A few types of classroom environments used in K-12 education include inclusion, self-contained, and resource rooms. The inclusion model allows students to participate in regular educational settings, and receive supported help by the inclusion teacher therein. The inclusion model is essential for increasing socialà networking skills, developing behavior and academic skills through peer role-modeling, improving student achievement of IEP goals, and helping students acquire skills with the general education curriculum. The inclusion model is great for students who have mild learning disabilities, and those who are progressing consistently to a degree, where little or no help is needed. Based off of the studentââ¬â¢s unique needs, the inclusion model is a great teaching environment, along with the self-contained education environment. In the self-contained classroom environment, students with disabilities are granted theà ability to receive much more one-on-one help given their unique disabilities. In this type of setting, educators receive additional specialized training to be able to aid students in making learning a success for students with disabilities, who are not able to participate in regular educational classroom settings. Students who learn at a slower pace, as a result of a learning disability, or uses modifications to lessons to acquire learning, a self-contained classroom may be beneficial. Nonetheless, resource educational environments may aide this same situation. In many cases, If a student is not mobile (using a wheelchair), haveà severe disabilities like severe cerebral palsy, it may be beneficial to the student to participate in a resource classroom environment. Resource classroom environments focus on the studentââ¬â¢s direct disability based on their IEP. They are potentially designed to be smaller for students to be able to get the one-on-one help they need yet still experience the social interaction with peers. Given the types of educational settings that were previously discussed, in the case of Gabriel, a kindergartener who battles cerebral palsy and has limited mobility it is necessary to place Gabriel in a resource room, to receive exceptional academicà training. Because, Gabriel is tub fed and has to use a diaper it is easier for instructors of a resource room to provide him his necessary needs, as they focus directly on the direct disability of students. Furthermore, it is concluded that Gabriel may not succeed in a regular educational setting, or a self-contained classroom setting because of his verbal inability. Although, he is able to communicate through a few eye movements, it is not enough to gain the benefits of a self-contained classroom, a regular education classroom, even though inclusion models. It is theà opinion of the author that Gabriel will better succeed in a resource room, where he will receive additional resources as physical therapy, to help him gain muscle strength to grasp things and even a speech therapist to help him gain control over his vocals. When it comes to exceptional education, there are many different related resources for students inside, and out of the school system. As for Gabriel, cerebral palsy or CP can mean life-long treatment. Generally, CP patients require 24-hour care. Therefore, in Gabrielââ¬â¢s case, eating, breathing, and moving freely can be aà challenge especially when trying to live independently, or study independently in an inclusion classroom, or self-contained environment. For this reason, educators may want to consider other related services, or services to assist their students with severe disabilities. Although, student have disabilities educators are still required to utilize these related services in order to provide those students with the best education possible. Most services are available to children in the public school system. While others can be accessed in the local community. However, there are related services abroad for students in public,à private, early education and head start school systems. Related services, in the terms of the educational setting of choice, calls for the special education classroom to utilize resources as assistive technology devices like wheelchairs, much physical therapy, and speech and language pathology services. Individuals who work to develop speech abilities in students who have communication impairments can effectively provide treatment to students like Gabriel, by showing them how to communicate with others. Furthermore, it is also beneficial to provide students like Gabriel with a physical therapist, who can workà through movement to help gain muscle control and movement. Nonetheless, teachers strive to develop independency in students of this type of educational setting, by providing assistive technology to encourage independent learning. Assistive technology for advancing communication with nonverbal students is made possible through devices, such as the DynaVox. This device can also be used to assess students like Gabriel to ensure they are understanding simple communication skills. Given the studentââ¬â¢s abilities, it is necessary for educators to plan lessons and activities using a studentââ¬â¢s IEP goals as guidelines. Then, during instruction time use many visuals and demonstrations, and even prompt the students for feedback. Moreover, in situations like Gabrielââ¬â¢s it is essential to students to use the co-teaching model To conclude, each type of educational setting discussed have significant roles in providing exceptional educational outcomes for students with disabilities. Whether a student is receiving training through inclusive model learning, self-contained strategies, or resource models of learning students are capable of receiving exceptional learning abilities and skills to build off of. It is a given, that allà types of educational settings has its pros and cons. However, it is believed that each type of environment has is benefits to support students in individual development. References Classroom Leadership (2001) Resource vs. Inclusion Classrooms; which is best for Students? Retrieved 8/17/14 from http://www. examiner. com/article/resource-vs-inclusion-classrooms-which-is-be st-for-students Council for Exceptional Children, (2014). Special Education Professional Ethical Principles and Practice Standards. Retrieved from http://www. cec. sped. org/Standards/Ethical-Principles-and-Practice-Standards. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-67257538116589682002020-01-08T11:41:00.001-08:002020-01-08T11:41:03.105-08:00Toys as Role Models - Free Essay Example Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1094 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Business Essay Type Argumentative essay Topics: Children Essay Did you like this example? Toys as Role Models Judy Attfield, who holds a PhD in history and design, has written numerous articles in relation to design history. Her articles, often written in a formal and informative style, concentrate on parenting and family issues. Citing the differences in the maneuverability designs of Barbie and Action Man, which embody the stereotypical cliche of feminine passivity and masculine activity respectively, ââ¬Å"Barbie and Action Man: Adult toys for girls and boys, 1959-93â⬠(P. Kirkham (Ed. ), The Gendered Object (80-89). Manchester: Manchester University Press) by Judy Attfield argues that children are not only able to subvert toyââ¬â¢s stereotypical meanings but also create fantasies of their own. Targeting the general public in her article, Attfield starts off by giving compelling insights into a societal trend termed ââ¬Å"androgynyâ⬠. This trend that she mentions, combines both femininity and masculinity into one and is said to be raving in to dayââ¬â¢s society. However, in the latter portion of the essay, Attfield failed to elaborate on this trend. Instead, readers are led into a discussion on gender-stereotype propagating Barbie and Action Man, which contradicts her thoughts on androgyny. Even though fashion dolls like Barbie are designed for dressing and posing, and action figures like Action Man, for physical manipulation, Attfield claims that toy design does not dictate how a child plays with it. Instead, play is subjected to a childââ¬â¢s creativity and does not necessarily affect his or her actions and thoughts on gender stereotypes. She backs her claim by citing the following example ââ¬Å"a number of informants recalled, in their play it was Barbie who was most often given the role of ââ¬Ëbad girlââ¬â¢. â⬠(Attfield, 1996: 86). Simply put, Barbie, a toy originally meant to project innocence, can be given an immoral role through creativity. However, her view that toys do not instill gender stereotypes is unjustifiable. Toys largely influence a childââ¬â¢s understanding of gender stereotypes, as they adore them as role models to follow. I will focus on how Attfield fails to take into consideration the supporting role of parents and the media in creating these role models that shape gender stereotype in todayââ¬â¢s society. Since its release in the global market during the 1960s, Barbie and Action Man have been at the forefront of toy popularity indices. Not only have they topped sales chart, they have also become symbolic toys for our generation. On the other hand, alternative toys like ââ¬Å"Happy to be me Dollâ⬠and ââ¬Å"Adventurerâ⬠, both variants of Barbie and Action Man, have not met the level of popularity achieved by their predecessors (Attfield, 1996). This is largely because children simply love the ready-made characteristics of Barbie and Action Man. This could mean, that playing ââ¬Å"Happy to be me Dollâ⬠as Barbie, or ââ¬Å "Adventurerâ⬠as Action Man is either utterly unappealing or perhaps, unthought-of. The statistical fact on the popularity of Barbie and Action Man suggests that a childââ¬â¢s interest in toys is based on the perceivable characteristics given to them. Children are attracted to the characteristics that popular toys possess and wish to attain or at least experience them through role-play. The characteristics associated with the two toys under scrutiny are Barbieââ¬â¢s passivity and image as a petite young model, glamourized through fashion and beauty, and Action Manââ¬â¢s action-filled role as a soldier who is full of valor in the battlefield. Considering how Barbie and Action Man objectify gender as ââ¬Ëadultââ¬â¢ dolls (Attfield, 1996), it can be inferred that Barbie and Action Man have become childrenââ¬â¢s role models for their respective gender, thereby instilling the stereotypes of feminine passivity and masculine activity into them. In addition, Att field failed to take into consideration the supporting role of parents in shaping gender notions among children through toys. Since children do not have the financial ability to purchase toys, the sales of Barbie and Action Man can be ascribed to their parents despite Attfieldââ¬â¢s claim that parents disapprove of these toys (Attfield, 1996). Children may perceive this parental act of purchase as a sign of parental approval of the characteristics that the toys may contain. Children may then be influenced into thinking that Barbie and Action Man, with their projection of gender stereotypes, are desirable role models to follow. Another point that Attfield neglected is the role of the media in shaping a childââ¬â¢s understanding of gender differences. The media is a powerful medium of influence. It is an endless source of information that is easily accessible to people of all ages. Although no one can wholly determine that a childââ¬â¢s behaviour is derived from the media, it is clear that children learn by imitating people and the surroundings around them. Hence, we should not overlook the possibility that a childââ¬â¢s fantasy may stem from watching commercials and shows that are targeted at him. As a result of overlooking the influence of media, Attfield did little to explain the origins of a childââ¬â¢s fantasy, which may be a product of media rather than pure creativity. The broadcast of commercials targeted at children may promote the characteristics of the toys in question, consequently shaping a childââ¬â¢s understanding of gender stereotypes. These are backed by ââ¬Å"Television advertising positioned in childrenââ¬â¢s programmes and purposely directed at girls rather than parents contributed to making Barbie a best-sellerâ⬠(Attfield, 1996: 85) and ââ¬Å"ââ¬â¢as poseable as you areââ¬â¢ claimed the advertisements. â⬠(Attfield, 1996: 84). Furthermore, the media plays a huge part in propagating gender ster eotypes. Being a messenger of cultural changes, the media reports societal trends through different mediums like the television or magazine. Some trends alter societyââ¬â¢s gender perceptions and translate into toy designs that strive to be coherent with gender norms. Throughout the article, Attfield ignored the impact that the media has on toy design. Though she provided substantial information on the amount of maneuverability given to Barbie and Action Man, and its consequent portrayal of gender stereotypes, she failed to realise that these stereotypes are now gender norms in todayââ¬â¢s society. Therefore, the combination of media influence, popularity and parental approval of these toys shows how gender stereotypical meanings of toys heavily influence a childââ¬â¢s understanding of gender roles as they are widely accepted as role models in todayââ¬â¢s society. In summary, the toys a child role-plays with do affect his or her understanding of gender roles. It ma y be the gender-stereotype propagating Barbie and Action Man, or the violent but humorous teenage turtles (Attfield, 1996), as children constantly explore and adore new fantasies created by the media that are reflective in toys as role models to follow. Donââ¬â¢t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Toys as Role Models" essay for you Create order gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-42554343398132660142019-12-31T08:06:00.001-08:002019-12-31T08:06:04.040-08:00The Effects Of Special Needs On Children - 1249 Words The next benefit that Russia does not realize is that special needs people have positive impacts in inclusive classrooms. Russia is quick to assume that all of the disabled population are mistakes. When healthcare workers can tell that the baby is special needs, during the early stages of the pregnancy, they suggest for the mother to abort the baby. If she decides not to, then they pressure her into locking the baby up in a state-run institution. The doctors explain how caring for the child will be hard for the parents and that they will only be a burden to them. They then continue to say how they will only see their child suffer throughout life because they have zero potential to develop intellectually or emotionally. Russia and theirâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Unfortunately, when a perspective family wants to foster a child, the state officials either prolong the paperwork or do not follow up at all. If a certain orphanage is overflowing, the government fails to locate a qualifi ed family. As an outcome, many orphans are in the system till they are eighteen years old, then they end up on the streets. Russia and their institutions for the disabled are hugely discomposed. The lucky ones who live with their birth families are challenged with their education rights. Russiaââ¬â¢s school system automatically excludes disabled children from mainstream (included) education. They think that the childââ¬â¢s disability will make them incapable of learning, cause disruptive behavior, or be unsafe for non-disabled students. The schools in Russia have no legal obligation to include the children in their classes either. In return, Russia has established special schools equipped for only the disabled. The special schools are not cost-effective, unaffordable for some families, and cause unnecessary isolation from other citizens. The educational systems categorize the childââ¬â¢s disability to determine their eligibility for these schools. These evaluations focus on the studentââ¬â¢s academic achievements instead of their individual progress. By assigning these unethical labels, the students suffer from low self-esteem andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Sp ecial Needs On Children1210 Words à |à 5 Pages Special needs kids are not sick or gross. They only want to be accepted. They want to feel normal. They cannot help the way they were born. People who have never dealt with special needs children do not see what they go through on a daily basis. One out of every 10 children under the age of 14 has some type of special need. Which includes any medical disability, chronic or life threatening illness. The children and parents both deal with emotional battlesRead MoreThe Effects Of Autism On Children And Children Who Had Special Needs1300 Words à |à 6 PagesI was introduced to autism at an early age. My mom used to work for a preschool as an aid for children who had special needs. Whenever I was sick as a kid, she would take me to work, where I had the opportunity to observe a boy named Connor. I found him fascinating. I wondered why he was so obsessed with this blue truck, and why he had to have it with him at all times. Because wherever this blue truck was, Connor was, and this I couldnââ¬â¢t understand as a young girl. I always wondered why he couldnRead MoreThe Effects Of Special Needs On Children And Adults With Physical And Mental Disabilities1834 Words à |à 8 Pages1.Special Need Individuals Though history children or adults with physical and mental disabilities are vulnerable to physical and verbal abuse and neglection from their parents or guardian, because of the lack of knowledge on what a child is going through. Special needs people face many issues socially because they are perceived as outcasts; because they donââ¬â¢t fit with society norms. Social norms are a set of rules of behaviors that are acceptable to society and if people donââ¬â¢t fit with these normsRead More Research Paper1375 Words à |à 6 Pagesin the feeling of belonging among other students, teachers, and support staff. 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Indeed, the special education system allowed children with disability increased access to public education. Apart from that, the special education system has provided for them an effective framework for their education, and for the institutions involved to identify children with disability sooner. In turn, this promotes greater inclusion of children with disability alongsideRead MoreThe Class Placement of Students with ADD/ADHD1721 Words à |à 7 Pageslearning impairments like ADD/ADHD are placed in a ââ¬Å"special classâ⬠with other learning impairment students. This non-inclusive classroom placement causes many learning impaired students to do worse academically and socially than if they had been placed in an inclusive setting. By definition, ADD/ADHD students that are placed in an inclusive setting are seated in the same classroom with students who do not have ADD/ADHD. ADD/ADHD students receiving special support in regular classes succeed academicallyRead MoreEssay about Students With ADD/ADHD and Class Placement1218 Words à |à 5 Pagessetting is when stud ents with learning-impairments like ADD/ADHD are placed in a ââ¬Å"special classâ⬠with other learning-impairment students. However, ADD/ADHD students that are placed in an inclusive setting are seated in the same classroom with students who do not have ADD/ADHD. ADD/ADHD students receiving special support in regular classes succeed academically and socially more often than ADD/ADHD students in special classes. The variables that affect the academic progress of a learning impairedRead MoreMethods Of Observation As Directed By The Teacher1434 Words à |à 6 PagesWhen observing pupils, you need to use appropriate methods of observation as directed by the teacher. Observations can take place during lessons or in the playground. Observations and assessments should cover all relevant aspects of pupilà ¢Ã¢â ¬TMs development including physical skills, language and communication skills. Your observation and assessments must always be in line with the school policy for record keeping, as well as observing a childà ¢Ã¢â ¬TMs development you also need to help the teacher assess gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-63226491548977558682019-12-23T03:53:00.001-08:002019-12-23T03:53:03.576-08:00Everyday Use, A Character Analysis of Dee Essay - 449 Words Although the story Everyday Use is narrated from Mamas point of view, Alice Walker reveals Dee, Mamas eldest daughter, to be the central character. Dee remains essentially unchanged throughout the story. Even though Dee achieves her aim by overcoming complications such as poverty and racial discrimination, she is not admirable for her achievements and courage. Walker describes her to be selfish and self-centered, a woman who remains unchanged from her childhood to the current position after several years. The disregard for her sisters pain, ingratitude for the money raised for her education, and the desire for quilts indicates her static behavior. The extent of Dees selfishness is evident by her lifestyle. As a child, she alwaysâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦She selfishly praised quilts as priceless (91) whereas she thought the same piece was old fashioned and out of style when offered to her for college. By carrying the quilts she claims to carry the heritage, however, she shuns the lifestyle of her family, which is of course a part of her heritage. The behavior of overlooking her sisters, Maggie, and Mamas feelings since her childhood to the present indicates Dees character as a person who disregards others. Mama ponders that while the house where they used to live burned to the ground; Maggie was burning, her hair smoking and dress falling off her in little black papery flakes. Although she saw that Maggie needed her sisters aid, Dee stood off under the sweet gum tree at a distance (87). Walker reveals that Mama still finds Dee carrying her self-centeredness when she excludes herself from the pictures and never [took] a shot without making sure the house is included (89). Dee wants to capture the signs of poverty from her past so that she can show how much success she has gained in spite of being poor to her friends. Dee is so egotistical that she declares her sister is backward enough to put [the quilts] to everyday use (91) whereas she considers herself smart and would appreciate the quilts by hanging them. Her coldness and lack of concern makeShow MoreRelated Character Analysis of Dee Johnson in Everyday Use by Alice Walker433 Words à |à 2 Pagesthe character of Dee Johnson in the short story ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠in a clever way. Starting from the first paragraph, Walker creates an image of Dee, who at first seems very shallow. Dee then becomes a more complex character as the story progresses. Blessed with both brains and beauty, Dee emerges as someone who is still struggling with her identity and heritage. Dee is a flat character, who is described as arrogant and selfish. Through the eyes of Dee, one can see her egotistical nature. Dee isRead MoreAnalysis Of Walker s Everyday Use863 Words à |à 4 PagesAnalysis of Walkerââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠The short story ââ¬Å"Everyday Use,â⬠by Alice Walker, contains multiple different literary elements. History and heritage play a key role in the development and conclusion of this rather intriguing story. Although history and heritage are important, the driving factors of this story are the literary elements. In particular the elements of symbols, characterization, and point of view in this story are significant. The use of symbols in this short story provide a deeperRead MoreEssay on A Psychological Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Use883 Words à |à 4 PagesA Psychological Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Useà à à à The human mind is divided into three parts that make up the mind as a whole. These parts are necessary to have a complete mind, just as the members of a family are needed to make up the entire family. The use of components to equal a whole is often exercised in literature. Alice Walkers short story, Everyday Use, contains the idea of family and of the mind, therefore her work can be evaluated through psychological methods. ThroughRead More(A Critical Analysis of Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s short story Everyday Use)700 Words à |à 3 PagesAntojos de Mis Ojos (A Critical Analysis of Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s short story Everyday Use) Albert Camus once asserted: ââ¬Å"Men are never convinced of your reasons, of your sincerity, of the seriousness of your sufferings, except by your death. So long as you are alive, your case is doubtful; you have a right only to their skepticism.â⬠In Everyday Use a strong willed mother tries to protect her younger daughter, Maggie, from having a quilt passed down for generations stolen from her by her materialisticRead MoreThe Meaning of Everyday Use with Characterization1495 Words à |à 6 Pagesof Everyday Use with Characterization Analyzing characterization is the key to find fictions controlling idea and central insight--theme. Direct presentation--one character description technique--usually directly shows what characters are like by exposition, analysis, or another characters description. The other way to shape characters is to use the indirect presentation by describing their actions and leaving room for readers to develop their own ideas about the characters. Everyday UseRead MoreSame Theme, Different Development in of Virginia Woolf and Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s The Legacy and Everyday Use690 Words à |à 3 Pagesmajor literary works of Virginia Woolf and Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s The Legacy and Everyday Use, both of them have the common that is the theme of the story carries ââ¬Å"the heritageâ⬠issue but the focus of it is different. In The Legacy, the focus of the heritage was a relic diary of Angela for her husband. Implicitly, we can conclude that the heritage was meant to be recognition of Angel a to her husband. While the focus in Everyday Use, the focus of the heritage was the quilts, and in the final story we couldRead MoreAn Analysis of Alice Walkers quot;everyday Usequot; Essay929 Words à |à 4 Pagesp An Analysis of Alice Walkers Everyday Usep Alice Walkers novel, The Color Purple, won the Pulitzer Prize in 1982. This novel, in addition to her short story collections and other novels, continue to touch the emotions of a vast audience. This ability, according to critics, has solidified her reputation as one of the major figures in contemporary literature (Gwynn 462). Born to sharecroppers in Eatonton, Georgia, in 1944, Alice Walkers life was not always easy. Her parents strived toRead MoreEveryday Use by Alice Walker an Analysis1049 Words à |à 5 PagesTamica Powell September 30, 2011 Everyday Use Analysis Everyday Use is a compelling story of a mothers conflicting relationships with her two daughters. Maggie, which the mother feels contains more practical and traditional ways of living life and then Dee her oldest and most promising daughter, who she feels has broken away from tradition and has lost a lot of their heritage. At first glance you would see this as the normal mother daughter spat of maybe the wild child versus the littleRead MoreA Psychoanalytical Reading of Everyday Use by Alice Walker1201 Words à |à 5 PagesEman Mohammed A psychoanalytical reading of Everyday Use by Alice Walker In everyday use the story is about a black family consists of two daughters and a mother. Its main idea is the attachment between each character to the past and to their family. Each character has different perspective towards the past. In my following essay I intend to look deeply in the characters mind by applying the psychoanalytical reading which can present details not only about the text but alsoRead MoreConfronting Social Identities in Society Essay1580 Words à |à 7 Pageson television, featured in magazines, and even brought into the limelight by celebrities. While Toni Morrisonââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"The Bluest Eyeâ⬠(1970) and Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠(1973) both target ongoing social problems, Morrison structures her story to reveal just how pervasive and destructive social racism is, whereas Alice Walkerââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"Everyday Useâ⬠focuses on the characterââ¬â¢s conflicting ideas about their identities and heritage. ââ¬Å"The Bluest Eyeâ⬠is focused on a little girl name Claudia who is confused gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-20861382823175594342019-12-15T00:23:00.001-08:002019-12-15T00:23:03.626-08:00Fundamental Rights Free Essays The Fundamental Rights are defined as the basic human rights of all citizens. These rights, defined in Part III of the Constitution, apply irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed or sex. They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. We will write a custom essay sample on Fundamental Rights or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Directive Principles of State Policy are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing and passing laws. THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DIRECTIVE PRINCIPLES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS Fundamental Rights and Directive Principle are integral components of the same organic constitutional system and no conflict between them could have been intended by founding fathers. But the view of Supreme Court on the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have not been uniform throughout. There are three possible views on the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles. The first view is that former are the superior to the latter and so the latter must give way to the former in case of repugnancy or irreconcilable conflict between the two. The second view is that Fundamental Rights and directive principle are equal in importance and hence , in case of conflict between the two an attempt must be made to harmonise them with each other. The view is that Directive Principles are superior to Fundamental Rights mainly because the constitution provide that the former are ââ¬Ëfundamental in the governance of the countryââ¬â¢ and it shall be the ââ¬Ëdutyââ¬â¢ of the state ââ¬Å"to apply these principle in making lawsâ⬠and the binding nature of law does not cease to be so merely because it can not be enforced. These different view regarding the relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have been pronounced by the judiciary at different times . In the following chapters an attempts has been made to examine the role of judiciary in relation to the Directive Principles with the Fundamental Rights. History: The relationship between the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles is best illustrated in the Article 37. It provides that Directives are not enforceable in a court of law. But, they are fundamental in the governance of the country and it shall be the duty of the state to apply them in making laws. In view of such provision, there have arisen certain conflicts between the Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights. But, as of now Article 39(b) and 39(c) can take precedence over Fundamental Right enshrined under Article 14 and Article 19. A survey of historical development in relationship between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles are as follows. i. During the initial period from 1950 to 1966 there was emphasis on sacrosanct character of Fundamental rights. The Supreme Court held the view that if two interpretations of a law are possible, the one avoiding conflict should be accepted. But in case of a single interpretation, leading to conflict fundamental right would prevail other directive principles. In this view, constitutionality of 1st Amendment Act was hailed as valid. ii. In the historic Golan Mathââ¬â¢s case, 1967, the Supreme Court emphasized on unamedability of the fundamental rights which have been given a ââ¬Ëtranscendental position. ââ¬â¢ iii. The Government passed 24th and 25th Amendment Act 1971. The 24th Constitution Amendment Act made it clear that the Parliament has power to amend any provision of the Constitution, including the fundamental Rights. The 25th Constitution Amendment Act introduced Article 31(c) which provides that in case of implementing Article 39(b) and (c) if there is axorrflict with fundamental right, the , law shall not be declared null and void. iv. In Keshavananda Bharati case overruled the Golaknathââ¬â¢s case but made it clear that courts retained the power to judicial review in case of law giving effect to directives under Article 39(b) and (c). One of the crucial implications of this judgment was ââ¬Ëbasic structureââ¬â¢ which cannot be altered. v. During the period of Emergency Parliament passed the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976 which provided for implementation of directives other than only under Article 39(b) and (c). vi. In Minerva Millââ¬â¢s case, 1980 the Supreme Court declared that a balance between Part III and Part IV was a basic feature of the constitution. This abrogated the view of giving precedence to the directives over fundamental rights. Significance of Directive Principles of State Policy: Firstly, they are intended to usher an egalitarian order, once the limitations or resources is overcome and state is competent enough to fulfill them. For, most of the directives are resource consuming. Secondly, they have exercised an important check on the government. Rightly remarked by Ambedkar that the directives ââ¬Ëcan be the best election manifesto Thirdly, they guide both, the government and the people in the realm of politics and society. They have significant educative value. Fourthly, they emphasize the goal of welfare state and social justice that are warranted in Indian polity and keep check on elitist or populist measures. Despite accusations of being nothing more than ââ¬Ëmoral preceptsââ¬â¢ or ââ¬Ëdead wood in living treeââ¬â¢ and alike, it cannot be denied that the directives have helped (directly or indirectly) in shaping the face of our polity. It has been seen with optimism by leadership as well as people to be of paramount importance. For, ââ¬Å"both have inevitable interest in building a more egalitarian society than they have! Directives help in achieving this objective. How to cite Fundamental Rights, Papers gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-7801309917737920312019-12-06T20:46:00.001-08:002019-12-06T20:46:05.288-08:00Journeys End Essay Example For Students Journeys End Essay Choose one character, imagine you are going to direct an actor playing this part. Write detailed advice about how you would want the part to be played, including specific references to lines and scenes and how you would expect an audience to react. In this essay I will be looking at the character Stanhope and how I think he should be played in 3 key scenes. When he trys to get the letter off Raleigh. These are when Stanhope confronts Hibbert about his plan to go down sick. Also the end scene where Raleigh dies. Stanhope is the main character in this play he in commanding an infantry company in the 1st world war. Stanhope makes his first appears in act1, he comes across and a bold out going man who will stand for no nonsense. We get a good out line of his character from the conversation between Raleigh and Osborne in the beginning of this act. He came out straight from school-when he was 18. Hes commanded this company for a year-in and out of the front line. Hes never had a rest. Stanhope has known Raleigh the new officer since he was a young boy and his reaction when he sees him out on the front line takes him by surprise this is were we the first real change in how Stanhope is for scene he loose his hard edge as a strong out going man and is lost for words when he is standing face to face with him. I think the actor at this point should play the part softer and give a clear expression on his face of surprise and shock. To put over the fact that he is lost for words I think there should be noticeable pauses before each line is spoken. Throughout the play we see the closeness between Osborne and Stanhope we see that he feels able to confide and trust Osborne he opens up to him about how he really feels about the war and his true feelings It was all right at first. When I want home on leave after six months it was jolly fine to feel Id done a little to make her pleased. It was after I came back here-in that awful affair on Vimy Ridge. I knew Id go mad if I didnt brake the strain. I couldnt bear being fully conscious all the time-youve felt that, Uncle havent you? The to reference to her in the quote was to Raleighs sister Stanhopes girl friend. Act2 scene1 Raleigh has written this first letter home and Stanhope is very eager to find out what he has said as he doesnt want him telling his family and friends back home what he is like over here. All the letter are meant to be read by the commanding officer before being sent off because they didnt want word to get out about what it was really like in the trenches. The conversation between the two men starts off ok with Stanhope just telling him that all the letters have to be secured Raleighs reaction Oh, I-I didnt realise that, I-I think-Ill just leave it then This reaction brings up cores for suspicion on Stanhopes side he is no wanting to know what he has to hide what is in the letter that he doesnt want him to read. This is were you see the mood change and where Stanhope starts to demand to see the letter instead of just asking. The actor has to remember that it is a strange situation for both of the men to be in they were once friends equals and now one has power over the other and is not used to using it. Dont Dennis me! Stanhopes my name! Youre not at school! Go and inspect your rifles! (shouting) Dyou understand an order? I think this scene should be played with a great deal of anger but at the same time trying to make it come across that its not easy for him to shout at Raleigh who is his a friend and someone who hero-worships Stanhope and has done since he was a young boy. .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 , .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .postImageUrl , .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 , .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7:hover , .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7:visited , .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7:active { border:0!important; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7:active , .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7 .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ubdd0ad3f74ad68b7b9fff6c8dfd047d7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Indian culture EssayThis scene will build up quite a bit of tension between them both and this needs to be made clear. Once Raleigh has left the mood calms down a bit but there is still a bit of tension after the heavy argument between them both. Stanhope then gets Osborne to read out the letter to him expecting it to reflect badly on him. hes always cheering them up with jokes, and making them keen about things, like he did the kids at school. Im awfully proud to think hes my friends The ending there of the letter gives us a incite to the way Raleigh looks up to Stanhope and how he thinks of him as some kind of god. When Osborne is reading the letter I think Stanhope should sit still and listen with not much expression on his dace and look down at the table as if to reflect on what he has just said and how he regrets the way he acted. You see this side of Stanhope again but in very different circumstances and with a deferent person on the resaving end. It is getting near the time for the men to go over the top this is a terrifying time for them all and when Hibbert approaches Stanhope asking if he can be sent home ill Stanhope reacts with anger when Hibbert doesnt that no as an answer. This conversation starts of carlm and friendly so the actor would have to play it trying not to think about what is going to happen next the anger come when Stanhope has told him he cant go down to see the doctor and Hibbert protest and says he will go. This is really where it changes if you went, Id have you shot for-deserting. Its a hell of a disgrace-to die like that. Id rather spare you the disgrace. This wont be an easy scene to play he is facing the fact that he may have to shoot one of his own men which he doesnt want to do. I think that the actor should being it across that he expects that as soon as he as said that he may have to shoot him that he will change his mind. After the heated row the mood changes rather suddenly and they are sitting on the bed talking to each other in-depth about how they both feel. When Stanhope relaxes he comes across care and more together the both are more comfortable with the situation. Throughout the play we see different sides to Stanhope but we see clearly that he has a short temper. This could be due to the fact that he drinks a lot of alcohol to try and cope with being in the situation he is in. Probably the most moving bit of the hole play is at the end of it act3 scene3 you see a side to Stanhope that you dont see in any other part of the play. They have just stated the attack they have been planning for with guns going off everywhere, even though solders are being shot down all over the place we are sent to concentrate on Raleigh and Stanhope from the being of this scene both actors will need to act with fear they will be every on edge as they both are a where that there is a big possibility that they may not survive this attack. Raleigh has just been hit Stanhope is carrying him in to the dug out to try and rest him. This would be a very difficult time for Stanhope he would in away be feeling reasonable for Raleigh as he has known him since he was a boy and is some one the boy looks up to this would make it very hard for Stanhope not to be over come by emotion which he is. When him and Raleigh are face to face in the dug out there is no power and no controller they are both there talking as equals, there is no formality between them. .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc , .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .postImageUrl , .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc , .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc:hover , .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc:visited , .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc:active { border:0!important; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc:active , .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ufca87fe8efbc65fec4e4a9b281e770dc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Man with the Twisted Lip EssayWe can she this by when they are on first name terms not last. Stanhope is clearly very up set at the thought of watching a dear friend die but trys to keep a brave face. He doesnt loose his calmness which he seems able to retain in all emotional situations. Although Stanhope is aware of how severe the injuries to Raleigh are he doesnt talk about them and keeping a calm tone to his voice. Even though he is crying he never loose the calm together ness he has had throughout the play. The fact that Stanhope isnt aware that Raleigh is dead until moments after he has died this give a clear and sharper reaction that the audience can see. The part of Stanhope changes all the time and is not always how you would expect it to be. The fact that his emotions change quite a bit throughout the play will help the audience to stay fixed on him as he is always changing. I think that the last scene will be the one the audience will relate to best and if it is played with the tension building throughout it will help to capture the audiences attention all the way through it. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-16654810570055602682019-11-29T08:49:00.001-08:002019-11-29T08:49:03.910-08:00Fosters Group Company Introduction Pure Blonde came into the market in 2004. It was first produced by Fosters Group and it has become the first low-carbohydrate beer which was really successful in Australia. Many companies attempted to produce such kind of bear in the previous years.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Fosters Group Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, Bond Brewery had Swan Gold in the 1980s, but it did not do well in sales and Cooperââ¬â¢s launched Coopers diet beer in the 1960s, but decided to remove it from the market in 1990s due to a declining market share. After a whirlwind product development process which took 90 days and with a promotional focus on customer discovery instead of aggressive push, Pure Blonde single handedly re-launched the ââ¬ËLow-carb beerââ¬â¢ market in Australia. Foster Group Company is known for manufacturing beer and soft drinks. It was founded in 1888 by two bro thers, William and Ralph Foster who owned a refrigerating plant. Two decades later, the Brewing Company decided to form a liaison with other four companies to form Carlton and United Breweries. Today, this group stands as a sub-branch under the Foster Group umbrella. The Foster Group has become popular in Australia and is famous for brands such as Victoria Bitter, Carlton Drought, Crown Larger and Cascade. Pure Blonde was the first low-carbohydrate beer to be successful in the Australian market in spite of the failure of other companies to market their brands successfully. In 2004-2005, the dominant players in the beer market were Foster group and Lion Nathan. The popularization of the Aitkins diet and the rising health awareness led to the Australian consumers preferring low carbohydrate products in the 1990ââ¬â¢s and early 2000ââ¬â¢s. Why did Pure Blonde succeed in this market when so many had failed before? Deeper investigation of the customer base can reveal signposts to i ts success. Situational/SWOT analysis Pure Blondeââ¬â¢s success was based purely on the consumersââ¬â¢ preference of the premium beer sector. Premium beer is one segment that was under constant scrutiny. The Premium Peter beer segment seemed to grow at a much faster rate due to favorable economic times, raised standards of living and education, and the delay to have children.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This resulted in the decline of Victoria Bitter. Unfortunately the Premium beer market was quickly becoming crowded and it became increasingly difficult to differentiate between the different brands. This was a major threat to Fostersââ¬â¢ profits. Fosters immediately identified this problem in the Australian market and came up with a low-carb beer that differentiated its products from the others in the market. This gave it a strength or higher hand over the other products in the market. A good way of exploring opportunities for Fosters was conducting a market research. It was found that the premium beer was linked to the Maslowââ¬â¢s Hierarchy of needs. Maslow hierarchy of needs dictates that an individual needs to look good and sophisticated. Those who drank Premium Peter needed to communicate that they fit into this profile. Therefore the main drive here was ego. Consumers of Premium Peter needed to show that they were masculine in spite of this gentle side. However, they also didnââ¬â¢t want to be referred to as metrosexual because to them this translated that they were homosexual. Fosters Group concluded that Premium Peters image didnââ¬â¢t quite match to what being considered as male and masculine according to the Maslow hierarchy of needs. A weakness that they found in their marketing strategy was how to position Pure Blonde to the consumersââ¬â¢ best. Pure Blonde couldnââ¬â¢t be categorized as being feminine or m asculine. More research was required in order to understand where the average consumer placed Pure Blonde and they also had to avoid cannibalizing their lead selling beverage, Crown, market share. Consumers of Premium Peter needed to consume the beer knowing that it was masculine and still had low-carb content. This clearly had set it apart from Pure Blonde. Fosters managed to make Pure Blonde its premium full strength beer that was low in carbs. The packaging was of high quality, not to mention the European style bottle and the gold stylish label. Fosters decided to launch the product in 6X350 ml bottle that was sold in clubs and pubs in bottle, giving the consumer an opportunity to discuss the product.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Fosters Group Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This allowed those who consumed Premium Peter to discover Pure Blonde and tell their friends about it. This reinforced the masculine perception of the beer. Fosters had regained differentiation of its beers and this saw Pure Blonde being a success in the beer market. They managed to regained differentiation and, within a year, Pure Blonde had achieved a great success with an estimated 3.3per cent by value of the entire Australian beer market and was reported to be twice the size of its nearest low carbohydrate competitor. Situational problem The main problem in this case study is the decline in the demand for Pure Blonde and Premium Peter. Currently, the Fosters and Lion Nathan are facing erosion in their market share. This can be due to the fact that Australians have more disposable income and the ââ¬Å"premiumisationâ⬠of the beer market has led to the consumers demanding higher quality products. The two companies have experienced a drop in sales for the past ten years with demand shifting from ready to drink spirits to foreign beer products. In addition, a blend in product innovation and pa ckaging, specifically the four bottle packs, could be another cause. The government could have also played a key role in the decline of local beer consumption when it announced in 2010 the introduction of an alcoholic volumetric measuring system to implement changes in the taxation of alcoholic beverages. This resulted in a 5% rise in beer prices. The market share is set to face continual erosion in the future because of intensifying competition from other competitors that flood the market with their products. Entrants such as Coopers are set to re-enter the market with low-carb beer brands and Coca-Cola Amatil which recently acquired the Blue Tongue Beer brand. Traditional retailers also present another problem to the beer market as they decide to promote their own brand low-carb beer instead of Pure Blonde, thus making them direct competitors. For instance, Coles has taken up advertising of its own Maxx Blonde beers over Pure Blonde by directly comparing the two products.Advertisi ng Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Currently, there are more competitors in the market who have flooded it with their own low-carb beers making it difficult for the average consumer to differentiate between the various brands. As a result, there has been a decreased loyalty between brands. Pure Blonde has suffered greatly because of this competition and has not been able to combat Fostersââ¬â¢ current decline in Victoria Bitter sales. Major assumptions that may help explain the current Pure Blondeââ¬â¢s challenges include a shift in competition and changes in tax laws. A closer look at Premium Peter shows that there has been a continuous growth in its sales. This is evident through a careful analysis of the premium beer segment, which has seen strong growth with total premium beer sales growing by 11.3 per cent in 2009. This might have taken quite a long time to explain the continued decline in Victoria Bitterââ¬â¢s brand which had lost over 3% of its market share since 2005. Identification and alternatives used by Fosters The premium beer segment has seen significant growth in spite of the declining low-carb beer sales. As the Premium Peter segment grew in numbers, it can be argued that this segment has evolved or even fractured. Further analysis of the softer segmentation criteria, for example, attitudes and beliefs, understanding of self and self-concept, can help in defining these fractured segments. In order to maintain sales in the market, the key players have developed a strategy of maintaining their consumers by catering to their constantly evolving needs and preferences. Fosters Group and Lions Nathan have sought to capitalize on the premium beer trend through investing in exclusive licenses to sell imported beers. This is seen by Fosters to obtain the sole license to sell Corona Extra in Australia. To compensate this, Pure Blonde has expanded its distribution and has begun selling through liquor retailers and service venues including bars, clubs, cafes, and restaurants. They took another step and made the beer available on tap at clubs and pubs. Pure Blonde sits comfortably in the center of the relatively concentrated premium beer price range, with Maxx Blonde and Platinum Blonde occupying the bottom price ranks and products such as Peroni Leggera sitting at the top. The product has been effectively promoted and appeared to have held on to its ââ¬ËJack-of-all-tradesââ¬â¢ positioning with a focus on the ââ¬Ëpurityââ¬â¢ of the brand. This positioning is clearly seen through advertisements featuring a 30-something man nurturing a dove back to health along with the tag line ââ¬Ëfrom a place much more pure than yoursââ¬â¢. Other current promotional materials available carry the message: ââ¬Ëfor men or women, anyone who is weight consciousââ¬â¢. Recommended course of action This case study suggests that the customers of Foster Group have a distinct set of values such as taste of beer, physical fitness and health in general, and self-im age. The managers of Fosters Group should rely on the psychographic elements of segmentation in order to move away from the ââ¬Ëone- size-fits-allâ⬠positioning. This is why they need to offer several groups of products. In the first case, they should emphasize the taste qualities of their beverages and brand image. In the second case, they should stress the fact that their products contain very low amounts of carbonate, and that such beverages will be more beneficial for the health of customers. In such a way, the company will make a distinct value proposition to various groups of customers. Discussion Questions How shifting the market would gain Pure Blonde Competitive advantage The average Australians are health conscious and this in turn makes them prefer low-carb diets. Promoting Pure Blonde as a low-carb beer attracts consumers who are health conscious, unlike premium beer consumers. The Pure Blonde product can capitalized on this understanding by effectively aligning its brand personality to the personalities of the segments, with positive results. However, women are more conscious of their weight and appearances as compared to their male counterparts who are more concerned about maintaining appearances and fitting in with the boys. Therefore, if the beer is attributed to being more feminine than masculine, then the product may lose its male consumers. On the other hand, it is traditionally viewed that many women arenââ¬â¢t great beer drinkers as compared to men therefore the product might only decline in sales if it is attributed to being feminine. However, the current woman is more educated and independent, and current trends show that many women embrace lighter beers and other low-carb beers such as Pure Blonde. Although it would be a difficult task to re-invent Pure Blonde to fit both, the male and female consumers that will definitely be advantageous to the product in the market. The main limitation of this strategy is that many customer s felt attached to former brands of Foster Group. I t may be difficult for low-carbonate beers to win their loyalty. This issue is particularly important for the segment called Premium Peter or male customers who valued premium beer products. They may switch to other premium beers instead of purchasing Pure Blond. This is the risk that the company should not overloo Customer profile for Pure Blonde Female 18-35 years of age White collar job Single, looking for a partner either short or long term leading to marriage Prefers to look beautiful and healthy Is social and likes fitting in with friends Earns a good salary and has little financial and emotional commitment Likes to be seen as a bit of a ââ¬Ëlovable larrikinââ¬â¢ but also likes to be taken seriously in a work environment Works very hard so as to be successful and plays hard. Is currently on a diet and identifies that the Atkins diet Low-carbohydrate diet ââ¬Ëis a good thingââ¬â¢ Would forego a beer to save the ca lories- watching her weight Would choose a beer with a sweet taste Socializes with friends usually at clubs, pubs etc. Alcohol consumption is out and about. The two key aspects that the female consumer is interested in according to the above profile is the taste of the beer and the amount of calories it contains. Recommendations for the Fosters Group On the basis of this customer profile and perceptual map, one can recommend the marketing strategies that Forsters Group. The company should make a distinct offering to female customers. While advertising such a product, they need to focus on the idea that Pure Blond products will not lead to the increase of weight, but at the same time they have the excellent taste qualities as other premium beverages. Their main message should that the companyââ¬â¢s beer is low-carbonate, but they should connect this message to such priorities of female buyers as physical appearance and self-image. Premium Peter The segment called Premium Peter d id not completely disappear; it continued to expand even despite the global financial crisis. Male white-collar employees, who place emphasis on style and sophistication, still continue to consume high quality beers when socializing with their friends. Probably, the lifestyles or attitudes of these people have evolved in a certain way. For instance, they may have changed their attitude toward marriage or health. However, they still play an important role for the producers of premium beers. Moreover, the main values of these people such sophistication and good appearance did not alter significantly. The existence of this segment will affect the strategies of Pure Blonde. They will have to set stress on the quality of their products when designing packages for their beverages or advertising them. This case study on Fosters Group Company was written and submitted by user Tenebrous to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-11012191311334774532019-11-25T14:38:00.001-08:002019-11-25T14:38:03.185-08:00societies and institutions essayssocieties and institutions essays The two countries that were chosen are Luxembourg and Kiribati. After looking at the facts about the two countries, I focused mainly on comparing the death rate and infant mortality rate. The population of Kiribati is almost four times smaller than that of Luxembourg and while their death rates are very close figures, the infant mortality rate in Kiribati is almost ten times greater than it is in Luxembourg. This is a very alarming rate. Therefore I asked the question, why so many more infants die in Kiribati? Kiribati has many social and economic problems. It is a very small atoll in the South Pacific Ocean that is plagued with natural hazards including typhoons and tornados. There is heavy pollution in lagoon of south Tarawa atoll (which is its capital) due to heavy migration mixed with traditional practices such as lagoon latrines and open-pit dumping. Only 2.74% of the land is arable and therefore the countries major food source is sea food which is contaminated. People who live on this atoll tend to eat fish or sea food for at least two meals a day so the chances of contamination are very high. Overcrowding, scarcity of clean water and poor sanitary conditions substantially hinder the control of communicable diseases in Kiribati. Communicable diseases are still the leading cause of morbidity, with extremely high numbers of acute respiratory diseases reported every month. Diarrhea diseases and skin diseases are also rampant. Tuberculosis poses a serious public health problem. Twenty nine HIV positive cases have been confirmed so far. Nevertheless, there is a clear trend of increased incidence of non-communicable diseases. Over 80 per cent of the adult population smokes tobacco, and alcohol consumption is also very high. Diabetes, cardiovascular conditions and cancers are becoming a serious and ever increasing public health problem. There is no health care system in Kiribati. There are only a few health centers that use out da... gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-73173835184022573872019-11-21T22:02:00.001-08:002019-11-21T22:02:03.508-08:00DQ1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2DQ1 - Essay Example The court system in the United States is dual comprising of the state courts and the federal courts. Unlike the traditional system of organization where power is central, these systems work side by side with exclusive jurisdiction. There are several courts each having its own structure and procedure. The court system is very open. Any person can present a dispute in court at any time. Contrary to traditional organizations where all the decisions concerning the organization are made at the helm, the court system resolves disputes within its jurisdiction without consulting with the Supreme Court. In addition, the court system is a defender of human rights. They are important in protecting basic rights such as freedom of speech and equality to all. The courts encourage right to speech that is inhibited in the traditional organizations systems. Furthermore, the court is different from traditional organizations because they ensure that the system of governance is federal. A federal system limits the power of government by sharing and dividing power between other states. This distribution of power is important as it prevents tyranny (Howard, gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-13724039172814149652019-11-20T17:43:00.001-08:002019-11-20T17:43:02.915-08:00Management Practices Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 wordsManagement Practices - Research Paper Example Management Practices in Coca Cola Coca-Cola is considered as one the biggest beverage companies operating in almost 200 nations. To operate in the international markets, it requires appropriate management practices in every level of the company (SAP AG, 2001). Planning Planning is the preliminary stage of any task whether it is production or launching of a new product. It is necessary for a company to plan what should be done and without proper planning, the business objectives cannot be achieved. In case of Coca-Cola, the planning stage involves development of overall strategy by keeping in mind the mission and the objectives of the company. The planning in Coca-Cola includes mapping out how precisely the company can accomplish a particular objective. One of the most significant objectives of Coca-Cola with respect to human resources is succession planning which refers to the identification, evaluation and improvement of internal employees in order to achieve a single objective i.e. prepare appropriate people for the senior management position. The succession planning procedure in Coca-Cola comprises outlining the condition of the employees and planning for management steadiness in the incident of employee turnover or departure. Similarly, the other significant objective of Coca-Cola with respect to business is marketing planning. The marketing planning is conducted in order to raise the sales of its products. The marketing planning of Coca-Cola consists of activities such as assessing the marketing environment, making competitorsââ¬â¢ analysis, decide upon suitable and attractive advertisements, inventory planning, planning the sales staff and planning the marketing mix elements (Curd, n.d.). Leading A manager in an organization is required to lead the employee towards the planned activities in order to accomplish the organizational objectives. The leading stage in any business involves aspects such as motivating, communicating, managing and inspiring empl oyees towards higher performance. It necessitates managers to train, assist and solve any issue of the employees while performing tasks. Leading requires the capability to establish value for the company towards the employees (Plunkett, Attner & Allen, 2011). Leading in any organization is demarcated as the procedure of motivating people so that they can contribute their best effort towards the organizational as well as team objectives. Leading managers can help employees so that they can easily fulfill their own desires and use their potential while performing tasks (Ng, 2011). Coca-Cola practices the leading function of management by providing training, on-the-job learning, and coaching to the employees. The objective of leading the workforces is to ensure that employees are provided with all necessary assistance they require for performing effectively in the company. Coca-Cola believes that the success of the company relies on the encouraged and dedicated employees. For this reas on, the company provides reward to the employees. Coca-Cola offers competitive compensation and other fringe benefits in order to attract and retain the most capable employees. It helps to drive the business forward. Coca-Cola assumes the training and development activities quite seriously, as it is a part of leading the people in the organization. It constantly invests on these activities with the intention of strengthening the gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-20544873703778514082019-11-18T17:46:00.001-08:002019-11-18T17:46:03.918-08:00Hedging Strategies Adopted by Airlines Organizations for Hedging their DissertationHedging Strategies Adopted by Airlines Organizations for Hedging their Foreign - Dissertation Example Literature Review 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Risk Management 2.3 Hedging - Concept and Meaning 2.4 Brief Historical overview of Hedging 2.5 Impact of Globalization on Hedging 2.6 Type of Hedging Instruments 2.7 Hedging Strategies 2.7.1 Internal hedging strategies 2.7.2 External hedging strategies 2.8 Factors affecting Type of Hedging Strategies 2.9 Benefits of Hedging 2.10 Disadvantages of Hedging 2.11 Some of the major risks facing the global airline industry 2.12 Conclusions Chapter 3: Research Methodology 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Research Approach 3.3 Research Sample 3.4 Data Collection Methods 3.5 Methods of Data Analysis 3.6 Research Validity and Reliability 3.7 Research Ethics 3.7 Conclusions Chapter 4: Findings and Analysis 4.1 Introduction 4.2 British Airlines (BA) 4.2.1 Financial Performance, BA 4.2.2 Hedging Strategies used by BA 4.2.4 Challenges faced by British airways 4.2.4 Financial Heath and Hedging Strategies 4.2.5 Financial management recommendations 4.3 Thomas Cook Airlines 4 .3.2 Financial Performance of Thomas Cook 4.3.2 Hedging Strategies Thomas Cook 4.2.3 Challenges faced by British airways 4.2.4 Financial Heath and Hedging Strategies 4.3.5 Financial management recommendations 4.4 Easy Jet 4.4.1 Financial Performance, Easy Jet 4.3.2 Hedging Strategies Thomas Cook 4.3.3 Challenges faced Easy Jet 4.3.4 Financial Heath and Hedging Strategies 4.3.5 Financial management recommendations Chapter 5: Recommendations and Conclusions 5.1 Summary of Findings 5.2 Recommendations 5.3 Research Limitations and Scope for Future Research Hedging Strategies Adopted by Airlines Organizations for Hedging their Foreign Currency Risks Chapter 1: Introduction 1.1 Research overview and Background Due to the advent of globalization and the changes in the business environment, it is... From this research it is clear that due to the advent of globalization and the changes in the business environment, it is now possible for organizations to conduct business from and to anywhere across the globe. The business environment facilitates business operations that can be conducted through foreign currency denominated transactions. As organizations expand their businesses globally, they accumulate foreign currency receivables and payables in their financial statements. The large inclusion of foreign denomination transactions makes the organizations vulnerable to foreign currency fluctuations. Any negative changes in the exchange rate can end up impacting the company seriously. Organizations therefore strive to find ways of avoiding or combating risks associated with the foreign currency fluctuations. Some of the popular strategies of hedging such risks that organizations adopt are through using financial derivative products - currency futures, foreign currency options, curren cy swaps and forward contract. Moreover, with the breakthrough in the Information and communication technology that has made it possible the development of sophisticated financial management tools and techniques, organizations today have a much larger variety of hedging instruments and strategies to work with. There are several theories and theoretical perspectives that explain the rationale for using hedging practices and the effectiveness of the same. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3525523646487446106.post-58090962464079526932019-11-16T06:18:00.001-08:002019-11-16T06:18:12.796-08:00Effect of somatic marker hypothesis on making decisionsEffect of somatic marker hypothesis on making decisions The Somatic-marker hypothesis (SMH) was first proposed by Demasio (1996), to explain the process of decision-making, while incorporating the role of emotion. This hypothesis developed after working with neurological patients who had damage to the prefrontal region, specifically in the ventral and medial regions, and presented severe impairments in decision making abilities (Damasio, 1979, 1994). As patients did not show any other impairment to their mental abilities, other than a compromised ability to express emotion, Damasio was able to investigate a link between emotion and decision-making ability. However, this link has been opposed by the Expected Utility Theory, which considers a rational approach to decision-making, in which emotion does not play a role (Friedman Savage, 1948). Demasio states within the SMH that people are able to make decisions through interaction between emotion and rationality, to produce the most appropriate outcome. These interactions are made by the emotional response and information from environmental input being presented in the form of physiological arousal, allowing an individual to assess their emotional response to a situation (Gazzaniga, Ivry Mangun, 2009). He argued that emotion is most commonly presented through alterations in an individuals physiological state, as these emotions are represented within the brain as temporary changes in the activity pattern of somato-sensory structures. Although human emotion has been primarily linked to the functions of the limbic system, the SMH proposed that despite the involvement of emotion, the neuronal circuit involved in decision making incorporates a variety of brain regions outside of these classic limbic system structures (MacLean, 1949). Damasio argues that in this process the emo tional responses require multiple sources of feedback from the periphery brain in order to assist decision making (Damasio, 2004). There have been found to be two different forms of stimuli which cause an alteration in physiological states of humans allowing decision-making to later occur; primary inducers are innate or learned stimuli which rely on the amygdala to produce a physiological change; secondary inducers are entities which are produced through the recall of a personal experience of a primary inducer and rely on the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) to activate somatic states; these are most common in the face of uncertain outcomes, as they rely on information provided by similar past experiences. These somatic states, which are experienced when a stimuli is presented, are the result of responses aimed at the brain which lead to; the central nervous system (CNS) releasing neurotransmitters, a modification of the state of somatosensory maps, and an alteration in the transmission of signals from the body to somatosensory regions. The body receives information from these changes, and combines them to be interpreted as an emotion (Bechara, 2004). After a somatic state has been produced by a primary inducer, signals are then received by the brain to produce somatic state patterns in the brainstem nuclei and in the somato-sensing cortices. Once this somatic state alteration has occurred due to the initial presentation of a primary inducer, the pattern is stored for later recall. Later presentation of this primary inducer or a related secondary inducer can cause the somatic state pattern to be recalled and produce a similar emotional response. As a result, the brain is able to produce a prediction model of alterations expected to occur in the body, allowing the individual to respond more effectively and rapidly to the stimuli, without having to wait for the changes in physiology to be produced by the periphery (Dunn, Dalgleish, Lawrence, 2006). This reaction is summarised by the SMH, as the process allows an individual to be influenced in decision-making by the basic biasing signals which are produced as a result of the neurotr ansmitters being released in the cerebral cortex and the diencephalon. For every response to a situation that an individual contemplates, a somatic state is created, which serve as an indicator of the expected outcome (Damasio, Tranel Damasio, 1991; Damasio, 1996). This causes the somatic state to apply a biasing effect of an individuals behaviours, feelings, and cognitive patterns in response to a situation. Evidence of the link between emotion and decision-making was provided by Domasio, when he observed a patient who had damage to the orbitofrontal cortex. He found that the patient E.V.R was able to generate reasonable solutions when presented with a social reasoning task, however, was unable to prioritize these solutions, identifying the most effective (Saver Damasio, 1991). Prior to this, the orbitofrontal cortex had primarily been associated with the control of emotion. This suggests that the decision-making process relies on information provided by the emotion region of the brain, in order to provide a reasonable response. Alternatively, some psychologists argue that the orbitofrontal cortex plays a leading role in applying social knowledge to the decision-making process rather than considering an individuals emotional response, due to the recognition of which rules can be applied to a particular social situation, rather than assessing somatic markers (Gazziniga et al., 2009). More evidence was provided by the neuropsychologist Le Doux (1996) who found that humans and animals responded to stimuli which could potentially harm them so quickly it was unlikely they could have considered the risks posed to them being in that situation. He argued that this quick emotional evaluation of stimuli is an innate response which has developed with evolution to preserve our species in the face of danger, rather than cognitively processing the unfolding events. Considering his evidence, LaDoux explains that our emotional circuitry is designed to have a greater influence on our rational approaches to decisions, rather than our rational thoughts over-riding our emotions. Despite the SMH satisfactorily explaining how our emotions have an unconscious effect on our decision making process, we must also consider the fact that emotions are also known to act consciously on our rational judgement. Some psychologists have suggested that this allows us to employ our emotions as another form of information which we integrate into our logical decision-making process (Schwarz, 2000). When presented with a range of alternatives, it is suggested that we consider the emotions relating to the options before us, which we are often very aware of. Strong empirical evidence has been provided from data on the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), a decision-making task which is believed to rely on emotional-related feedback from the body to enable an appropriate response (Bechara, Tranel, Damasio Damasio, 1996). The data indicated the lesions in the VMPFC cause impairments in decision-making, particularly the ability to select the most appropriate and advantageous option. This behavioural impairment has therefore been associated with the absence of predictor signals which allow an individual to differentiate between good and bad decisions. IGT has been praised as a sensitive, ecological measure of decision-making impairment, however, assumptions required for it to support the SMH have been criticised as unsound. The first assumption was that this learning is possible due to predictor marker signals produced by the body. Evidence from psychophysiological profiles compiled during the IGT did not support this suggestion (Tomb, Hauser, Deldin Caramazza, 2002), resulting in the lack of a causal relationship being established between disrupted feedback from the periphery and impaired decision-making. This suggests that the predictor changes may actually represent the expectancy anticipation towards the outcome, once the decision has already been made (Amiez, Procyk, Honore, Sequeira Joseph, 2003). It is also suggested that the tasks which aimed to measure implicit learning as the reward/punishment schedule as being cognitively inexplicable, in fact demonstrated accurate knowledge of the tasks possible outcomes (Maia McClelland, 2004). It was found that cognitive mechanisms, including working-memory exert a strong influence on task performance. Further support was given for the SMH in the business environment, as it is able to explain why we often rely on gut feelings when making a decision, and find them to be better predictors for a decision outcome than market data and past research. Physiological evidence from these studies identifies the involvement of the striatum and anterior cingulated in recognizing patterns and calculating the probabilities of outcomes. It was found that these areas respond immediately when presented with repeated or alternative somatic state patterns (Huettel et al. 2002). Alternatively, Rolls (1999) provides criticism, as he argues that the SMH proposes a very inefficient view that peripheral responses are located in the execution route, and for interpretation and measurement of this peripheral response to occur simultaneously. Rather, he suggests that reinforcement association, located in the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala, is more than efficient enough to allow emotion-based learning to occ ur. This learning would consequently alter behaviours via the orbitofrontal-striatal pathways, through implicit or explicit processes. An alternative theory to decision-making is the Expected Utility Theory (EUT) (Bernoulli, 1738 cited 1997) which states that an individual is able to select an appropriate resolution in risky circumstances by comparing their expected utility values. These are calculated by adding the utility value of the outcomes multiplied by their respective probabilities, for each option available (Mongin, 1997). The expected utilities are determined by considering the probability of each possible outcome (gain or loss) for a particular option (Hoogendoorn, Merk Treur, 2006). This theory of decision-making considers a rational approach, in which emotion does not cause a bias towards the decisions made. However, much criticism has been provided by Kahneman and Tversky (1974, 1979) when considering this theory as a practical model for human decision-making. They found in numerous studies that humans are particularly bad at estimating probabilities objectively, and so their emotions may cause a bias in the final decision-making process. This has been reinforced by many others (Ellsberg, 1961; Fellner, 1961) who highlight the difficulty in determining the level of uncertainty in a given situation. They also suggest that people are not often aware of the exact probabilities associated with the possible outcomes, and so this problem, combined with the issue of ambiguity has been the focus for much further research Kahnenman Tversky, 2000). To conclude, the Somatic Marker Hypothesis proposed by Damasio (1994) suggests that when an individual experiences a situation, alterations in their physiological state are represented within their body as changes in their somato-sensory state. These changes are represented as an emotion towards that particular situation and act as an indicator of the expected outcome. When faced with a similar situation in the future, which requires a decision, Damasio suggested that an individual extracts emotional information supplied by somatic marker to facilitate them in the decision-making process. Evidence for this theory has been provided by numerous studies of neurological patients who had damage to the prefrontal region, and presented severe impairments in decision making abilities (Damasio, 1979, 1994). However, psychologists Gazziniga et, al. (2009) suggest that although emotion does play a role in decision-making, it is involved in the recognition of socially acceptable activities, rath er than assessing somatic markers. In contrast, the Expected Utility Theory approaches decision-making in a much more rational way. It states that an individual assesses the probability of loss or gain for each available outcome in order to select the most advantageous choice of action. Bachara Demasio (2005) has since suggested further research to fully explore some unanswered questions posed by the SMH. Little research has previously been conducted into the different kinds of decision-making and the relationship it may have with recruiting different neural networks for different tasks. Secondly, he proposed investigating if we are able to successfully identify when emotions are helpful or a hindrance in decision-making and if there are any individual differences. gregorytayl46http://www.blogger.com/profile/00098053610445805858noreply@blogger.com0